But titanic, too, is the onslaught of money upon this intellectual force. Industry, too, is earth-bound like the yeoman. It has its station, and its materials stream up out of the earth. Only high finance is _wholly_ free, wholly intangible. Since 1789 the banks, and with them the bourses, have developed themselves on the credit-needs of an industry growing ever more enormous, as a power on their own account, and they will (as money wills in every Civilization) to be the only power. The ancient wrestle between the productive and the acquisitive economies intensifies now into a silent gigantomachy of intellects, fought out in the lists of the world-cities. This battle is the despairing struggle of technical thought to maintain its liberty against money-thought.[939]
The dictature of money marches on, tending to its material peak, in the Faustian Civilization as in every other. And now something happens that is intelligible only to one who has penetrated to the essence of money. If it were anything tangible, then its existence would be for ever--but, as it is a form of thought, _it fades out as soon as it has thought its economic world to finality_, and has no more material upon which to feed. It thrust into the life of the yeoman’s countryside and set the earth a-moving; its thought transformed every sort of handicraft; to-day it presses victoriously upon industry to make the productive work of entrepreneur and engineer and labourer alike its spoil. The machine with its human retinue, the real queen of this century, is in danger of succumbing to a stronger power. But with this, money, too, is at the end of its success, and the last conflict is at hand in which the Civilization receives its conclusive form--the conflict _between_ money and blood.
The coming of Cæsarism breaks the dictature of money and its political weapon democracy. After a long triumph of world-city economy and its interests over political creative force, the political side of life manifests itself after all as the stronger of the two. The sword is victorious over the money, the master-will subdues again the plunderer-will. If we call these money-powers “Capitalism,”[940] then we may designate as Socialism the will to call into life a mighty politico-economic order that transcends all class interests, a system of _lofty_ thoughtfulness and duty-sense that keeps the whole in fine condition for the decisive battle of its history, and this battle is also the battle of money and law.[941] The _private_ powers of the economy want free paths for their acquisition of great resources. No legislation must stand in their way. They want to make the laws themselves, in their interests, and to that end they make use of the tool they have made for themselves, democracy, the subsidized party. Law needs, in order to resist this onslaught, a high tradition and an ambition of strong families that finds its satisfaction not in the heaping-up of riches, but in the tasks of true rulership, above and beyond all money-advantage. _A power can be overthrown only by another power_, not by a principle, and no power that can confront money is left but this one. Money is overthrown and abolished only by blood. _Life_ is alpha and omega, the cosmic onflow in microcosmic form. It is _the_ fact of facts within the world-as-history. Before the irresistible rhythm of the generation-sequence, everything built up by the waking-consciousness in its intellectual world vanishes at the last. Ever in History it is life and life only--race-quality, the triumph of the will-to-power--and not the victory of truths, discoveries, or money that signifies. _World-history is the world court_, and it has ever decided in favour of the stronger, fuller, and more self-assured life--decreed to it, namely, the right to exist, regardless of whether its right would hold before a tribunal of waking-consciousness. Always it has sacrificed truth and justice to might and race, and passed doom of death upon men and peoples in whom truth was more than deeds, and justice than power. And so the drama of a high Culture--that wondrous world of deities, arts, thoughts, battles, cities--closes with the return of the pristine facts of the blood eternal that is one and the same as the ever-circling cosmic flow. The bright imaginative Waking-Being submerges itself into the silent service of Being, as the Chinese and Roman empires tell us. Time triumphs over Space, and it is Time whose inexorable movement embeds the ephemeral incident of the Culture, on this planet, in the incident of Man--a form wherein the incident life flows on for a time, while behind it all the streaming horizons of geological and stellar histories pile up in the light-world of our eyes.
For us, however, whom a Destiny has placed in this Culture and at this moment of its development--the moment when money is celebrating its last victories, and the Cæsarism that is to succeed approaches with quiet, firm step--our direction, willed and obligatory at once, is set for us within narrow limits, and on any other terms life is not worth the living. We have not the freedom to reach to this or to that, but the freedom to do the necessary or to do nothing. And a task that historic necessity has set _will_ be accomplished with the individual or against him.
_Ducunt Fata volentem, nolentem trahunt._
INDEX
Prepared by David M. Matteson
Abbassids, court life, 197; Syncretism, 313; Third Estate and rule, 424
Abraham, Judah’s silver pieces, 237
Absolutism. _See_ Dynastic idea; Politics
Abu Bekr, Puritanism, 304
Abu Hanifah, as jurist, 75
Academy, style, 345
Achikar, as Arabian, 208
Achmed, and Caliph, 426
Acosta, Uriel, expulsion, 317
Acragas, democratic triumph, 396
Actium, battle, importance, 191; and Cæsarism, 423
Activity, waking-being and willed, 133
Actuality, and abstract thought, 144
Adiabene, Jewish state, 175, 198, 209
Adrianople, battle, effect, 40
Adventism, as type of second religiousness, 311 n.
Æchylus, and being, 272; and religion, 282
Ælius, _Tripertita_, 66
Agamemnon, as feudal, 374
Agathocles, and Mamertines, 160 n.; Syracuse massacre, 406 n.
Agis III, revolution, 65
Agriculture, effect on man, 89; farmhouse as symbol, 90; modern, as technic, 479 n., 485 n.
Ahuramazda, as deity, 207 n.; and Spenta Mainyu and Vohu Mano, 244 n.
Akhenaton, religiousness, 313; revolution, 353
Akiba, legends, 250.
Aksakov, Ivan, on Petersburg, 193
Al Alblaq, castle, 198
Alaric, historyless, 432
Albegensians, Manichæans, 260 n.
Albert of Saxony, as scientist, 301
Albertus Magnus, 291; philosophy, 172 n.; and Devil-cult, and technique, 502 n.
Alcibiades, and army, 406
Alcmæonidæ, and Athenian history, 336
Alesia, siege, 421
Alexander the Great, as follower, 88 n.; political character of empire, 174 n.; divine descent, 314; and polis, 383; control by generals, 407. _See also_ Macedonians
Alexandria, as world-city, 99; outbreaks, 198 n.; as polis, 383
Alfonso X of Castile, work on planets, 316
Al Ghazali, deification, 314; and science, 315
Ali, war with Othman, 424; power, 426
Alien, and “proper” in sensation, 6
“All,” as word, 141
Al Maimun, Rationalism, 306 n.
Al Manzor, Christian, 260
Alp Arslan, power, 427
Alphabet. _See_ Writing
Amasis, rise, 428
Amenemhet I, absolutism, 387
Amenhotep (Amenophis) IV, city, 101 n.; religiousness, 313; revolution, 353
Amenophis IV. _See_ Amenhotep
American Revolution, effect in France, 411 n.; cause, loyalists, 411 n.
Americans, as race, Indian influence, 119; as people, creation of events, 165; language and nation, 183; and predestination, 305; Civil War, 356, 369 n., 421, 488 n.; fate of government, 416; basis of reverence for constitution, 430 n.; no yeomanry, 449 n.; party and political machine, 450-452; economics and politics, 475
Ammonius Saccas, conversion, 176
Amoraim, period, 71, 250; and commentary, 247
Amos, as Arabian prophet, 205
Analysis, and double-entry book-keeping, 490
Anastasius I, demonstration against, 381 n.
Ancestral worship, Chinese, time-mythology, 286, 351
Ancient History, as term, 28
Angelico, Fra, frescoes and the Devil, 292 n.
Animal, essential character, microcosm in macrocosm, 3, 4, 15; cosmic beat and tension, 4, 5; cosmic organs, blood, sex, 5; microcosmic organ, sense, 5, 6, 115; sense and understanding, 6; sight as supreme sense, 6; being and waking-being, 7; and language, 131-134; and art, 133 n.; involuntary technique, 499
Anselm, Saint, Arabian contemporaries, 250
Anti-Semitism, rationale, 317-321
Antioch, as un-Classical, 101 n.; as capital city, 191; as polis, 383
Antiochus Epiphanes, persecution, 210
Antony, Mark, Actium, 191, 423; on Cicero, 433 n.
Aphrahat, epistles, 252 n.
Aphrodisias, Pagan conversion, 259
Apocalyptic, predecessors of Mohammed, 204; related Arabian, 204-207, 209; Arabian development, 208, 245; Jewish law and the prophets, 209; end of Jewish, 211; and Arabian awakening, 212; Jesus’ teaching, 217; and Resurrection, 218; Paul’s attitude, 221; as vision of fable, 237; basis of writing, 245. _See also_ Religion
Apocrypha, elimination, 71, 248
Apollinaris, Monophysite, 257
Apollonian cult, and body, 283; and Tyrannis, 386
Apollonius, as biographer, 252
Apologists, period, 71, 250
Apostles, fictitious authorships, 72 n. _See also_ Gospels
Appius Claudius. _See_ Claudius
Arabian Culture, historic, 27; problems of study, 38; as discovery, 42; relation to other Cultures, midmost, 42, 87, 190, 235; landscape, 42; Islam, Civilization and Crusades, 43; pre-cultural law, 75; pre-cultural tribal association, 175; pseudomorphosis, 189, 191; ignorance of inner form, partial study, 190, 191; feudalism, 196-200; Scholasticism and Mysticism, 200, 250; scientific beginnings, 200 n.; space-concept, cavern, 233; time-concept, ordained period, eras, 238-240, 249; future of nations, 323; cognate family, 330; dynastic idea, 330 n., 378, 379; style of priesthood, 325; relation of primary estates, 353; political periods from feudalism to Cæsarism, 423-427; political theory, 453. _See also_ Cultures; Islam; Jews; Pseudomorphosis; Religion; Roman law
Aragon, control by nobility, 373
Aramaic, and Christianity, 225; as Jewish church-language, 252
Archæans, as name, 161, 164
Archaeology, as Western trait, 79
Archimedes, futility, 17
Architecture, Mexican, 45; foreign effects of Western, 46; cultural mixture, 87; Minoan and Mycenæan houses, 88; cosmic and microcosmic, 92, 93; and dwelling-house, 120; as religious and ornament, 123; secular buildings and style, 123; Romanesque soul, 180; basilica and mosque, 230. _See also_ Art
Archons, urban, 374; overthrow, 398
Areopagus, overthrow, 396
Argos, massacre, 405
Aristides, on Roman polis, 383
Aristocracy of intellect, as term, 166 n. _See also_ Nobility
Aristonicus, and Blossius, 454
Aristotle, universe, 58; and polis, 173 n.; on Calani, 175 n.; and commentary, 247 n.; “Theology,” 248; and Rationalism, 305; corpus, 346
Arius, and substance controversy, 256
Armenia, conversion as state, 177, 253; devil-worshippers, 236 n.; nobility, 423; sword-dynasty, 426, 428
Army, Byzantine system, 199; professional, rise as political power, 406. _See also_ War
Arnold of Brescia, and reform, 296
Art, late Minoan and early Mycenæan, 87-89; expression-language and communication-language, 116; taboo and totem sides, in research, 118, 120, 121; in animals, 133 n.; and understanding, 133; forms, 331 n.; lack of Classical financial value, destruction, 487; as counter-concept to native, 500. _See also_ Architecture; Ornament
Aryan. _See_ Indogermanic
Asceticism. _See_ Monasticism
Asclepiades, work, 252
Asclepiodotus, as Pagan missionary, 259
Asoka, religiousness, 313; as Sudra, 333
Asosi, as feudal, 375
Assuan documents, 209
Assyrians, as rulers, 40
Astrakan, Judaic conversion, 259
Astrology, and Arabian time-concept, 238; as late Classical fad, 310
Astronomy, Chaldean, 206
Asvagosha, Mahayana doctrine, 313
Atargatis, cult, 201
Athanasius, and Western dogma, 230; and substance controversy, 256; and reform, 296
Athens, and Alcmæonidæ, 336; _vis-à-vis_: Sparta, 368, Tyrannis, 386; overthrow of oligarchy, 396, 397
Athos, monasteries as Buddhistic, 314
Atreus, tomb, 89
Auaris, as capital, 428
Augustine, Saint, and Grace, 59, 241; on Classical religion as true, 204; Manichæan, 227; dualism, 234; community of the elect, 243; on ruler, 379
Augustus, principate and monarchy, 50, 349; and dyarchy, 432, 433
Aulard, F. Alphonse, on French Revolution, 399 n.
Aurelian, State religion, 253
Aureole, significance, 378
Aurignacian Man, conditions, 34
Austria, national origin, 182; annihilation, 183. _See also_ Holy Roman Empire
Autarkeia, Rationalism, 307
Authority, and authorship, 248 n.
Authorship, and authority, 248 n.
Avicenna, Spinoza as heir, 321
Avidius Cassius, on Marcus Aurelius, 430
Axum, ignored history, 190; feudalism, 197; and Himaryites, 197; stelæ, 234 n.; State religion, 253
Aztecs, rule, 45; and jurisprudence, 66; and woman, 328
Baal cults, in Syncretism, 201
Baal Shem, Gnosis, 228; as Messiah, 311
Babek, outbreaks, 424, 425
Babylon, as world-city, 99
Babylonian Culture, beginning, achievements, rulers, 39, 40; and early Jewish law, 75; and Arabian Culture, 189 n.; and Chaldean, 205 n., 206 n.; astrology, 238 n.
Bacchiadæ, and succession, 380
Bach, John Sebastian, Exekias as contemporary, 135 n.
Bacon, Roger, philosophy, 172 n.; and the Devil, 290 n., 502; as scientist, 301; and technique, 502, 502 n.
Baghdad, as Islam, 95; as world-city, 99, 425; plan, 100
Balkuwara Palace, 100 n.
Banausos, notion, 332
Bank-note, status, 483
Banking, cultural basis, 493 n.
Bantu language, 142
Baptism, as impersonal, 293; Luther’s concept, 299
Barcochebas, rising, 319
Bardas, power, 426
Bardas Phocas, power, 426
Bardesanes, period and task, 250, 257; and substance, 255, 256, 258
Baroque, as microcosmic and urban, 92, 93; science and Gothic religiousness, 270; contemporary Jewish period, 316; political aspect, 391, 405; fifty-year periods, 392 n.
Barrack-state, 366 n.
Barter, in early Culture, 97, 480, 481
Bartolus, as jurist, 77
Baruch Apocalypse, fictitious, 72 n.; dualism, 234, 248
Basel, Council of, and feudalism, 374
Basileios I, power, 426
Basileios II, and rule, 426
Basileios, chancellor, power, 427
Basileus, as feudal, 374
Basilica, and mosque, 230
Basilides, and substance, 256
Basques, race, 165
Basra, Ali’s capture, 426
Bavaria, as State, 182
Baxter, Jedediah H., on American race, 119
Bayle, Pierre, on understanding, 13 n.
Beast-deities, Classical, 276; Mycenæan and Egyptian, 276 n.
Beat, and tension, 4; and being, 7; cosmic, in crowd, 18. _See also_ Being
Beatification, scientific, 346
Become, and understanding, 14, 15. _See also_ Microcosm
Becoming, and understanding, 14, 15. _See also_ Cosmic
Behistun Inscription, 166, 207
Being, as cosmic, and waking-being, 7, 11, 13; peasant as, 89; and race, 113; upward series of utterances, 116; and totem, 117; and religion, 265; and faith, 271; and moral negations, 272-274; and truths, 274; and nobility, 335; and idea of property, 343; ultimate triumph, 435, 507; and economics, 470, 471. _See also_ Cosmic; History; Politics; Race; Sex; Time; Waking-being; War
Bel temple, Palmyra, inscriptions, 206
Belhomme, Jacques, and aristocrats, 402 n.
Belisarius, as feudal lord, 350 n.
Beloch, Julius, on migrant minority, 164
Benedictines, as rural, 91
Bernadotte, Jean B. J., and Désirée Clary, 329; rise, 406
Bernard of Clairvaux, Arabian contemporaries, 250; on love of God, 266 n.; and compassion, 273; and Mary-cult, 288; and contrition, 298
Bible, fixation of canon, 71, 248; fictitious authorship, 72 n.; law of early books, 75; rise of fetishism, 299. _See also_ Christianity; New Testament; Old Testament; Sacred books
Biography, in Western Culture, 29; and contrition, 294
Biology, and primitive history, 48; and post-Civilization history, 48
Bismarck, Fürst von, dynastic government, 415; flaw in leadership, 444
Blackstone, Sir William, Commentaries as Germanic, 78
Blake, William, “tiger” expression, 128 n.
Blood system, cosmic organ, 5
Blossius, influence, 454
Blumenbach, Johann F., race classification, 125
Boar’s-head attack, 199
Boas, Franz, on American race, 119
Boccaccio, Giovanni, and Classicism, 291 n.
Bodin, Jean, and law of nature, 78
Body, in Roman law, 67; Classical concept and Western law, 81, 82; and Classical cults, 283; and polis, 384; and Classical money concept, 486
Böhme, Jakob, and Western religious beginnings, 282
Boghaz, Keüi, archives, 167
Bogomils, iconoclasm, 304
Bollandists, and orders and schools, 346
Bolshevism, Tolstoi’s relation, as pseudomorphosis, 195; cultural basis of fury, 321 n.
Bonaventura, Saint, and Devil-cult, 291
Boniface, Saint, as missionary, 56
Boniface VIII, pope, and Jacopone, 296; _Unam sanctam_, 376
Book, expulsion by newspaper, 461; as personal expression, 463
Book-keeping, double-entry as Western symbol, 490
Booty, and power, 344, 345, 347, 371, 372, 474
Borchardt, Ludwig, erroneous chronology, 39 n.
Borkman, John G., on resources, 486
Bosch, Hieronymus, paintings and the Devil, 298 n.
Bourbons, and world-history, 182, 336
Bourse, as cultural phenomenon, 484 n.
Boxer Rebellion, cultural basis, 321 n.
Bracton, Henry de, as jurist, 76
Brahmanism, Sankhara and Neo-Brahmanism, 315
Breed. _See_ Race
Brentano, Clemens, “playing” with expression, 137
Breughel, Pieter, and the Devil, 289 n.
Brunhilde, as destiny, 329
Bruno, Giordano, and machine and Devil, 502
Brutus, M. Junius, as ideologue, 433 n.
Buch, Christian L. von, theory, 31
Buddhism, and Indian philosophy, 49; and landscape, in China, 57, 312, 315; and sport, 103; and depopulation, 106; Rationalism, 305, 307; expansion, 308; Hinayana and Mahayana, 312; and Syncretism, 313; deification of Buddha, 314; and Neo-Brahmanism, 315; and political theory, 453
Bunyan, John, and concepts, 303
Burdach, Konrad, on Renaissance and Gothic, 291 n.
Burghers. _See_ Democracy; Town
Buridan, Jean, as scientist, 301
Burkard of Worms, and Devil-cult, 290
Burke, Edmund, on rights, 403
Burning of the Books, and Cæsarism, 433, 434, 463 n.
Bylini, hero-tales, 192
Byzantine Empire, and inter-Cultures, 89; cult and nationality, State religion, 176, 178, 230, 243, 253, 258; capital city as symbol, 191; and feudalism, army system, 198; literature and Arabian literature, 304; and Crusades, 319; nobility and priesthood, 353; Sassanid pattern, 378 n.; class-basis of political associations, 381 n.; revolution in, 425; Cæsarism in, 426. _See also_ Arabian Culture, Pseudomorphosis; Religion
Cæsar, C. Julius, ahistoric, 24; monarchy and principate, 50; divine descent, 314; demagogy, money and power, 402, 457 n., 458, 459; Gallic conquests, 408; Triumvirate and Cæsarism, 423; and forms, 431 n., 432; killing by ideologues, 433; tact of command, 444; at Lucca, 446
Cæsarism, and second religiousness, 310, 386 n.; and emperor-cult, 313; transit to, as cultural destiny, 416, 429, 434; era of great fact-men, 418; defined, formless strife for personal power, 418, 431, 434; character of war, 419-422; ruthless peace, 422; Classical evolution, 422, 423, 430; in Arabian Culture, sultanate, 423, 426; in Egypt, 427; coming Western, and overthrow of money, 428, 506, 507; and megalopolitanism and return of race, 431; as end of great politics, 432, 434; completed Roman, and ideologues, 432-434; and passing of Culture, 435; and private politics, 452, 464; battle with democracy, 464. _See also_ Politics
Cæsarius of Heisterbach, and Devil-cult, 290
Calani, as term for philosophers, 175 n.
Calchas, and Classical religious beginnings, 282, 350
Caliphate, deification, 68; yields to sultanate, 425, 426
Calvin, John, and Grace, 59; as Gothic, 296; and world-politics, 299; and science, 300
Camden, battle, 412 n.
Canada, public-land survey, 101 n.
Cannæ, battle, importance, 191, 338
Canon, fixation, 71, 248; as term, 245; Arabian style, 346. _See also_ Bible
Canon law, development, 77
Capital, Western, as movement of values, 493; Classical sort, 494. _See also_ Money
Capital city, domination, 95; of Byzantine Empire, 191; and primary estates, 356; and State-idea, 377; cultural basis, 381
Capitulations, origin, 177 n.
Caracalla, citizenship edict, and emperor-worship, 68
Care, family and State as symbols, 364; legal modes, 365; financial officialdom, 371
Carey, Henry C., and English economics, 469
Carmathians, outbreak, 425
Carolingian Renaissance, character, 87
Carthage, as Babylonian, 108; in Classical Civilization, 323; _vis-à-vis_ Rome, 368; economy and politics, 475. _See also_ Punic Wars
Caspian Sea, and intercultural relations, 41
Cassius, Spurius, and cult, 386
Caste, meaning, 332, 333
Castle, as totem, racial expression, 122; and ornament, relation to style, 123; talk, 153
Catchwords, as term, 401
Cathedral, as taboo and ornament, 122, 123; speech, 153
Catholic, Western churches as, 223 n., 229
Catilinarian movement, financing, 402
Cato, M. Porcius (Censor), and Scipio, 411; ruthlessness, 422
Cato, M. Porcius (Uticensis), rise, 409 n.; courts and politics, 459
Catulus, Q. Lutatius, demagogy, 459
Caucus, as political means, 452 n.
Causality, human (microcosmic) type, 16-19; and sex, 327. _See also_ Destiny; Intelligence; Nature; Religion; Space; Town; Waking-being
Cavern, Arabian symbol, and Chaldean religion, 206, 233, 238
Cecils, and English history, 337
Censorship, past and present, 463
Ceremonial, as expression-language, 134
Chacmultun, and Mexican Culture, 45
Chalcedon, Council of, substance controversy, 257; and reform, 296
Chaldeans, as rulers, 40; tribal association, 175; religion and nation, 176; cult in Syncretism, 201; as term, 205 n.; prophetic religion, 205, 209 n.; and Babylonia, 205 n., 206 n.; astronomy, 206; astrology, 238; oracles as canon, 245; disappearance, 252
Chamberlain, Joseph, and political machine, 453 n.
Champutun, and Mexican Culture, 45
Chandragupta, Sundra, 333
Chang-I, Imperialism, 417, 419
Chang-Lu, church, 314
Charlemagne, and cultural mixture, 87; and Devil-cult, 290
Charles I of England, and absolutism, 388
Charles IV, emperor, policy, 376
Charles Martel, as destiny, 192
Charondas, character of laws, 63, 64
Chartres, Arabian contemporaries of school, 250
Charvaka doctrine, 105
Chaucer, Geoffrey, and “virtue,” 307 n.
Cheirocracy, Classical, 397
Cherusci, importance of victory, 48
Chian, importance, 50; power, 428
Chichen Itza, and Mexican Culture, 45
Chinese Culture, as historic, 28; problems of study, 38; transition to Cæsarism, contending States, 38, 40, 339, 416-419, 454; date of beginning, 39 n.; periods, cultural contemporaries, 40-42; fate, 42; end of real history, 49; and Buddhism, 57, 312, 315; basis of laws, 67 n.; depopulation, 106; nations under, 178 n.; Tsin, 185; and sacred books, 244 n.; Manichæans and Nestorians, 260; beginning of religion, 281, 285; time mythology, 286; dualism, tao, 287; landscape as prime symbol, 287; second religiousness and Syncretism, 312; emperor-cult, 313, 379; fellah State religion, 315; ancient priest-estate, 350; ancestry-worship, 351; tao and priesthood, 352; relation of primary estates, 352; world-power idea, 373; feudalism and interregnum, 375; dynasty-idea, 379; Fronde in, 386; period of protectors, 387; Cæsarism and ideologues, 434; status of early coins, 481 n.; bank notes, 483; money concept, 486, 489 n.; and technique, 501 n. _See also_ Culture
Chinese language, voice-differentiations, 140 n.; written and spoken, 145, 151; standard script, 152
Chios, and slaves, 488
Chivalry, Arabian, 198; and compassion as contemporary, 273
Chlysti, doctrines, 278
Chmenotep, inscriptions, 387
Chosen People, as common Arabian idea, 207
Chosroës Nushirvan, and Mazdak, 261
Chóu dynasty, residence, 92; fall, 376; money concept, 489 n.
Christ, as name, 219 n.
Christian Science, as fad, 310
Christianity, Arabian and Western, form and soul, 59, 235, 237, 258; period of Apologists, 71; of Fathers, 71; effect of Justinian, 74; Corpus Juris Canonici, 77; and Arabian nations, 177; nationalism and persecutions, 177; Arabian, and chivalry, 198; Jesus-cult and Syncretism, 201, 220, 252; and Hellenism, 203, 204; Jesus’ life and biography as central point, 212; and Arabian apocalyptic literature, 212; and Turfan manuscripts, 213 n.; and Mandæanism of John the Baptist, 214; self-view of Jesus as prophet and Messiah, townlessness, 215; Jesus and Pilate, symbolism, 216, 473 n.; Jesus and pure metaphysics, 217; effect of Resurrection, Messiah, 218; Arabian cult-nationality and world salvation, 219, 220; Paul and Church, 220, 221; Paul and urban intellect, westward trend, 221; Old Testament and canon, 221, 225, 226, 228, 245; Mark Gospel, 223; cults, Mary-cult, 223; Greek and Latin as languages, 224, 241 n., 252; John Gospel, Mysticism, Logos and Paraclete, 226; Marcionism and early Catholic Church, 227; Arabian West and East division, 228-230; architectural symbols of division, 230; Arabian Logos and Jesus’ world-image, 236, 237; era, 239; and Judaism, separation, 251, 316; early Eastern, 251 n.; Eastern State religions, 253; monasticism in Arabian, 254; Arabian expansion, and inner contradiction, 255; substance controversy and split, 255-258; Greek, 257; obligation to other missionarism, 259, 260; end of Arabian theology, 261; pre-period of Western, 277; Western Mary-cult and Devil-cult, 288-292; Western guilt and free-will, sacraments, 292, 293; Western contrition, 293-295; elements and effect of Reformation, 296-300; present Russian, 495 n. _See also_ Manichæism; Monophysites; Nestorianism; Puritanism; Religion; Roman Catholic
Chronology, Arabian spirit, 27; cultural, 39 n.; Mexican, 44; Arabian eras, 239
Chrysostom, John, and conflict of estates, 353 n.
Chthonian cults, 283, 286
Chufucianism, fellah character, 315
Church, and religion, 443 n.
Church and State, Arabian concept, 168, 174-178, 210, 242, 243, 253, 315, 317; Roman law and established church, 177 n.; and Arabian monasticism, 254; lack of equilibrium, 336
Church of England, new transubstantiation controversy, 309 n.
Cicero, M. Tullius, rise, 409 n.; on elections, 432 n.; and party, weakling, 433; and Divus idea, 433; and killing of Cæsar, 433 n.; and demagogy, 458; and Trebatius, 458 n.
Cimabue, Giovanni, as Gothic, 291
Cineas, on Roman Senate, 409
Circus parties, as term, 381 n.
Citation, deeper meaning, 248
Citizenship, Caracalla’s edict on Roman, 68; Roman, and polis, 383, 384; Classical idea, 384
Citizenship, Roman, 166 n., 384
City. _See_ Megalopolitanism; Town
City-leagues, Classical, 355
City planning, soulless chessboard form, 100
Civil War, American, defeat of aristocracy, 356, 369 n.; and military art, 421; as victory of coal-energy, 488 n.
Civilization, as term, 31 n.; position of present, 37; of Mexican Culture, 45; exhaustion and historylessness, 48-51; and microcosmic, 92; and dictatorship of money, 98; as tension, 102; rootless forms, world-extension, 107; inner stages, present Western, 109; and style, 109; survivals, 109; superficial history, 109, 339; and utilitarian script, 152, 155; Jewish, in contact with Gothic, 317-319; Jews in Western, 322; economics under, 477, 484, 493; final struggle, money and Cæsarism, 506. _See also_ Cæsarism; Cultures; Fellahism; Megalopolitanism; Politics
Clary, Désirée, as destiny, 329
Classes, and history, 96; economic, 477. _See also_ Estates
Classical Culture, as ahistoric, and script, 24, 27, 36, 150, 152; similarity of Mexican, 43; end of real history, 50; relation of Renaissance, 58; Greek laws, 61; and capital city, 95; Civilization cities, 101; Civilization and sterility, 105; destruction and survivals of Civilization, 109; nations under, polis basis, 173; geographically-limited cults, 200; and revelation, 244 n.; fate in, 267; beast character of deities, 276; obscure religious beginnings, 281-283; Orphism, Ascetism, 283; outline of early religion, 283, 284; Greek and Roman cults, 284; later city-religions, 285; personality-concept, 293 n.; second religiousness and Syncretism, 312; agnate family, 330; ancient priest-estate, 350; style of nobility, 351; style of priesthood, 352; position of primary estates, 353; significance of colonization, 354; city-leagues, 355; capital and financial organization, 372, 383, 493-496; and world-power, 373 n.; feudalism and polis, 374; first Tyrannis, 375, 386; dynasty-ideal and oligarchy, 380, 381; _carpe diem_, 383; and war, 385; inter-Tyrannis period, 394-398; second Tyrannis, 405-408; period of Cæsarism, evolution, 418, 422, 423, 430; military technique of Civilization, 420; trader-master period, 484; money as magnitude, 486, 495; money and land and art value, 487; slaves as money, 488, 496; and technique, 501. _See also_ Cultures; Polis; Pseudomorphosis; Rome
Claudii, and Roman history, 336; social composition, 357
Claudius I, importance, 50
Claudius, Appius, and sons of freedmen, 166 n.; and peasantry, 408, 410; and consul-list, 409 n.; and Punic War, 410; reforms and demagogy, 458
Clausewitz, Karl von, inversion of phrase, 330 n.; as military writer, 419 n.
Clearing-house, electrical analogy, 490 n.
Clement, Saint, period, 250
Cleomenes I, and helots, 396
Cleomenes III, fall, 65; and Sphærus, 454 n.
Cleomenes, Alexander’s administrator, and speculation, 484
Cleon, as mass-leader, 448 n.
Clergy. _See_ Priesthood
Climate, and man’s history, 39 n.
Clisthenes, and Homer, 386
Clock, as Western symbol, 300 n.
Clodius. _See_ Claudius
Cluniacs, as rural, 92
Cluny, and reform, 296
Coal, and slaves, 488 n.
Code, Civil, position, 76
Code of Manu, on Sudra, 332
Coins, and “Money,” 481 n., 483; as Classical symbol, 486; Western attitude, 490
Coke, Sir Edward, and Roman law, 78, 365 n.
Collinet, Paul, on Justinian’s Digests, 70 n.
Colonate, end, 357
Colonization, significance of Classical, 354, 355; cultural basis, 382 n.
Colonna, and Papacy, 354
Colonus, vassalage, 350
Colosseum, decay, 107 n.
Colour, symbolism in Western religion, 289
Comitia Centuriata, and money, 410; and Punic War, 410; supporters, 451
Comitia Tributa, and conquest, 410; supporters, 451
Commentary on sacred books, authoritative chain, 247, 248
Common law, development, 76, 78
Community. _See_ Consensus
Comnena, Anna, on crusaders, 89
Compass, Chinese invention, 501 n.
Compassion, and being, 273; and chivalry, 273
Comradeship, and race, 126
Conception, as sin, 272. _See also_ Sex
Condés, feudal force, 350 n.
Confession. _See_ Contrition
“Confession of Peter,” 220
Confucianism, and “Persian” religion, 260; as end of culture, 286; Rationalism, 306, 307, 309; Syncretism, 315; and nobility, 357; and Cæsarism, 434
Confucius, deification, 314; on Hwang, 388
Congress of Princes, 38, 304
_Connubium_, cult basis, 69
Conrad II, emperor, feudal law, 371
Conscription, as phase of Civilization, 420; as substitute for war, 428; effect of World War, 429
Consensus, as Arabian principle, 59, 73, 210; Arabian community of elect, 242; and Arabian monasticism, 253; phases of Jewish, 315-317, 320
Constance, Council of, and feudalism, 374
Constantine the Great, and Roman law as Christian, 69; and Byzantium, 89; and cult and nationality, 178, 230, 243, 253; as prince and prelate, 204, 258; and Nicæa, 257
Constantine VII, and Romanos, 426
Constitutio Antoniana, 68
Constitutions, incomplete system of written, 361; written and living, 369; doctrinaire government, 413-415; foresight, 415 n.; status of American, 430 n.; character of German (1919), 457 n. _See also_ Politics
Consuls, origin of term, 374 n.; beginning, 382; and Senate, 409; as forged ancestors, 409 n.; and party, 451
Contemplation, cultural basis, 242
Contemporaneity, intercultural, 39-42
Contending States, period in China, 38, 40, 339, 416-419, 454
Contrition, Western sacrament and Arabian submission, and Grace, 240-242; as supreme Western religious concept, 293, 295; and happiness, 294; effect of decline, 294, 298, 299; as English idea, 294 n.; and Luther’s faith-concept, 298
Conversion, and Arabian cult-nationality, 219
Copan, and Mexican Culture, 44
Corcyra, massacre, 405
Cordus, Cremutius, history burnt, 434
Corinth, royal succession, 380; destruction, 489
Corporation, and Arabian juridical person, 174 n.
Corpus Christi, and thanksgiving, 293
Corpus Juris, position in Arabian Culture, 71, 74; and Western law, 76-78; and canon law, 77
Corpus Juris Germanici, development, 76-78
Corruption, political so-called, 458
Cortes, beginning, 373
Cortez, Hernando, force in conquest, 44 n.
Cos, style of school, 345
Cosmic, relation of plant and animal to, 3, 4, 15; beat, feel, 4, 5; organs, 5; being, 7; crowd and beat, 18; and history, 23, 24; in architecture, 92; and sex, 327; earth and universe, 392 n. _See also_ Being; Landscape; Microcosm; Plant; Race
Cosmogony, of Genesis, 209 n.
Cosmopolitanism, and intelligentsia, 184. _See also_ Megalopolitanism
Costume, as expression-language, 134
Councils, spirit of Arabian and Western Christian, 59; and pope, 374
Country, cosmic, 89; relation to town, 91, 94; as Gothic, 93; historyless, 96. _See also_ Peasantry
Courts, Roman, and politics, 459. _See also_ Jurisprudence; Roman law
Crassus Dives, M. Licinius, and money, 402; Triumvirate and Cæsarism, 423; politics and finance, 458, 459; and court, 459
Credit-system, Western concept, 489. _See also_ Money
Crete, Minoan art and Mycenæ, 87-89; and ethnology, 129; and Mycenæan beast-deities, 276 n.
Criticism, relation to science and history, 24
Cromwell, Oliver, Puritan manifestation, 302; power, 389; dictatorship, 390
Cross, and Tree of Knowledge, 180 n.
Croton, Sybaris, 303; style of school, 345
Crowd and mob, cosmic beat, 18; and Cultures, 18; ethic, 342; fourth estate, 358; and leaders, 376; rise of power, 399
Crusades, and Arabian Civilization, 43; as rural, 97; and nationalism, 180; Jewish parallel, 198
Ctesiphon, school, 200; location, 200 n.
Cujacius, and Roman law, 77
Cult, and dogma, cultural attitude, 200, 201; technique, and myth, 268, 499. _See also_ Religion
Cultures, as beings, cosmic beat, 19, 35; historic and ahistoric, 24, 27; as basis of history, 26, 27, 44, 46-51; primitive, character, 33, 34; mutation, 33, 36; primitive and pre-Culture, 35, 89; comparative study, 36-38; destined course, 37; future, 37; problems of study, 37-39; and landscape study, 39 n., 46; dating, 39 n.; contemporary periods, 39-42; inter-Cultures, 87-89; and “return to nature,” 135; and writing, 150; relation of people, 169, 170; and nations, 170-173, 362; narrow circle of understanding, 280; and religious creativeness, 308; intercultural dissonance, race and time elements, 317-323; passing, 435; economic underlay, 474; distinct economic styles, 477; money-symbols, 486. _See also_ Arabian; Art; Babylonian; Chinese; Civilization; Classical; Economics; Egyptian; Fellahism; History; Indian; Landscape; Language; Mexican; Macrocosm; Morphology; Natural science; Politics; Race; Religion; Russian; Technique; Town; Western
Cumont, Franz, on old Persian religion, 207
Customs, purpose, 475 n.
Cuvier, Baron Georges, theory, 31
Cynics, Pietism, 308; and Socrates, 309
Cyprus, massacre, 321 n.
Cyrene, massacre, 198 n.
Damascenus, John, as Al Manzor, 260
Damascius, as biographer, 252; anchorite, 254
Damiani, Petrus, and Mary-cult, 288
Danai, as name, 161, 164
Daniel, fictitious, 72 n.
Dante Alighieri, and Devil-cult, 292; and “virtue,” 307 n.
Darius the Great, Behistun Inscription, 166, 207
Darwinism, shallowness, 31; palæontological reputation, mutation, 32; and race determination, 124; and genealogy, 180
Death, man and fear, 15, 16; relation to light, 265; as punishment, 272; and Classical cults, 283; hunger-death and hero-death, 471
Decemvirs, code, 65; significance, 396
Dediticii peregrins, as class, 68
Dehio, Georg, on houses and architecture, 121
Deism, as technic, 306
Delbrück, Hans, on ancient armies, 40 n., 199 n.; on migrant minority, 164
Delos, slave market, 489; temples as banks, 493 n.
Demeter cult, Homer’s ignoring, 282; and Pythagoreans, 282; survival, 282 n.; and sex, 283; power, 290 n.
Demeter-Dionysus-Kore cult, in Rome, 386
Democracy (Third Estate), urban, 97; relation to other estates, 334; rise as contradiction, 355-358; Plebs, 357, 408-411; rise of Classical, 387; Classical, in inter-Tyrannis period, 394-398; rise as independent force, 398; negative unity, 399; and mob, 399; nationalism, and unity, 400-402, 485, 506; in England, 402; class dictatorship, 403, 404; and Parliamentarism, 416; period in Arabian Culture, 424-426; decay, 433; and party, 449; end, 463-465; social and economic form, 478; and machine industry, 504 n. _See also_ Politics
Democritus, atomic theory, 58
Depth-experience, Western, “I” as light-centre, 8; and nations, 179; as prime symbol, 288; and gunpowder and printing, 460; and technique, 501-504
Descartes, René, and doubt, 12
Destiny, and cosmic beat, 4; and facts, 12; human (cosmic) type, 16-19; and natural science, 31; in nations, 170; faith, cultural basis of fate, 266; and sex, 327, 329; nobility as, 335, 336, 340; States as, 363; in war, 429, 434. _See also_ Being; Causality; History; Race; Time; Will
Deutero-Isaiah, Persian influence, 208
Devil-cult, development of Western, 288-291; Renaissance and, 291; and contrition, 293; and Protestantism, 299; Puritanism, 302; and machine, 502, 504 n., 505. _See also_ Witchcraft
Diadochi, and Arabian Culture, 190; struggle, 408
Diakrii, and Tyrannis, 386
Dictatorship, of class, money and Rationalism 403-405. _See also_ Politics
Diels, Hermann, on Classical technique, 501 n.
Dike, age, 376, 378, 381
Dikhans, aristocracy, 353
Diocletian, distorted importance, 38; and orthodoxy, 178; and Nicodemia, 191; army, 199; era, 139; Church and State, 243, 253; Syncretism, 252; feudalism, 349, 423; fiscal machinery, 371, 496; and economics, 480 n.
Diodorus, on Roman tenements, 102
Dionysiac cult, Homer’s ignoring, 282; survival, 282 n.; power, 290 n.; and Tyrannis, 386
Dionysius I, executions, 405; and army, 406; and conquered territory, 407; war technique, 420
Dionysius the Areopagite, fictitious, 72 n.
Diplomacy, contrapuntal politics, 381; basis, 440; and war, 440
Direction, historical, 361
Discovery, and Western history-picture, 28, 46, 501
Dispensation, and valuation, 267
Dispersion, Jewish, as misnomer, 210
Disraeli, Benjamin, Jew and Englishman, 320
Divorce, English reform, 64 n.; civil and ecclesiastical conflict, 365 n.
Dodington, George B., on party loyalty, 403 n.
Dogma, and cult, cultural attitude, 200-202
Dominicans, as urban, 92; and Mary-cult, 288; and Inquisition, 291
Donellus, Hugo, and Roman law, 77
Doomesday-Book, 371 n., 372
Dorians, no nation, 173
Doric, as cosmic, 92; name and migration, 161, 162
Dostoyevski, Feodor M., on Petersburg, 193; and Russian soul, 194-196; and Socialism, 218; religion, 295 n.; and money, 495 n.
Dracon, laws, 64, 65; class law, 365
Drama, as urban, 93; origin of Chinese, 286
Dreams, and cognition, 14
Druses, and Trinity, 237
Dualism, in Arabian Culture, 233-236, 244; and substance controversy, 256; Chinese, 287; in moral, 341
Dukas, power, 427
Dukhobors, as manifestation, 278
Duns Scotus, Joannes, will and reason, 241; and Devil-cult, 291
Dyarchy, Augustinian, 432, 433
Dynamics. _See_ Force; Motion; Technique
Dynastic idea, Western, 179-183, 378, 381; and overthrow of monarchy, language struggles, 183; Arabian, 330 n., 378, 379, 423, 424; basis, 336; relation to priesthood, 337; and officialdom, 371; elements, 377, 378; Chinese and Egyptian, 379; Classical, and oligarchy, 380, 381; union with and against non-estate, 386, 387; European absolutism, 388; statesmen as leaders, 389; in Thirty Years’ War, 389; in Fronde struggles, outcome, 390; republic as anti-dynastic, 413. _See also_ Politics
Eastern Empire. _See_ Byzantine Empire
Ebionites, origin, 220 n.; disappearance, 252
Eckart, Meister, on Mysticism, 292; and Devil-cult, 303
Economics, and writing, 152, 155; classes and political estates, 333, 348, 477; relation to politics, power and booty, 344, 345, 347, 474-476; and learning, 347; and estates, 356, 357; and class-history, 367 n.; material basis of English concept, 469; not self-contained, 469; English premisses of usual concept, 469, 479; real, as physiognomic, 470; and politics as sides of being, 470, 471; “in form” as self-regarding, 471; hunger-death, 471; relation to family, 471; significance of history, form-language, 472; customary ethic, 472; and religion, 473; waking-being in, 473; producing and acquisitive, 474; under city life, 476; morphology, 476-480; production, preparation, and distribution, 478; subjects and objects in classes, 479, 493; no worker-class, 479 n.; spring time of Culture, traffic in “goods,” and “possession,” 480; status of dealer then, 481; early small-scale traffic, 481 n.; town life and trade, “wares” and money measure, 481-484; fortune displaces possession, 483; as urban, under Civilization, 484. _See also_ Money; Technique; Waking-being
Ecstasy, Arabian, 242, 244, 245
Eddas, and nature and history, 286 n.
Edessa, location, 200 n.; and substance controversy, 256
Edinburgh, as intellectual centre, 305 n.
Education, universal, as instrument of press, 462
Egyptian Culture, as historic, 28; problems of study, 38; Hyksos Period, 38, 41, 428 n., 453; date of beginning, 39 n.; basis of law, 67 n.; Minoan art, 88; Civilization and depopulation, 106; and sea-folk, 109, 122, 164; alphabetical script, 152; nations under, 178 n.; beast-deities, 276 n.; religion and way symbol, 279, 281; Re religion as Reformation, 296; Syncretism, 313; early nobility, 350; and genealogy, 351; relation of primary estates, 353; Pharaoh as Horus, 373; feudalism and interregnum, 375; dynastic-idea, 379, 380; Fronde in, 386; Middle Kingdom, absolutism, 387; period of Cæsarism, 427, 435; money concept, 486, 489 n., 491 n.; financial organization, 495. _See also_ Cultures
Elections, as civil war, 415; decay, electorate as objects, 432, 456, 463; as political means, suffrage and technique, 447; size and influence of electorate, 455. _See also_ Democracy
Electors, rise in Empire, 373; and Thirty Years’ War, 388, 391
Electricity, clearing-house analogy, 490 n.
Elephantine documents, 209
Eleusinian mysteries, 203
Elkazites, origin, 220 n.; disappearance, 252
Elxai, sacred book, 220 n.
Empedocles, suicide, 283
Emperor-mythology, Chinese, 286, 379
Emperor-worship, and law of creed-communities, 68; Western and Eastern aspects, 203; and Syncretism, 253; Chinese, 313; Cicero and, 433
Empire, as Germanic idea, 181. _See also_ Imperialism
Engineer, as master of Western technique, 504, 505
England, development of law, 62, 75, 76, 78; and dynastic idea, 183; and Western religious concepts, 294 n.; politics and predestination, 304; property law, 371; Normans and finance, 372; Magna Charta and control by nobility, rise of Parliament, 373; Puritan Revolution, 389, 390; eighteenth-century class absolutism, 392-394; Parliamentarism and democracy, reform, 402-404, 412, 412 n., 414; politics, Rationalism and money, 403, 441; and French Revolution, 411, 412; cessation of yeomanry, 449 n.; political flair, 451; and conception of economics, 469, 479
Enoch, fictitious, 72 n.
Ephesus, Council of, and Christian split, 257; and reform, 296
Ephors, and succession, 380
Epic, as rural, 93; Russian hero-tales, 192; Arabian period, 250. _See also_ Literature
Epicurus, cult, 314
Epimenides, as dogmatist, 282
Epistemology. _See_ Knowledge
Epoch, as term, 33 n.
Equality, and party, 449
Equities, big-money party, 402; creation, 411; decay, 432; and populus, 451
Equity, and statute law, 363
Eras, as Arabian idea, 239
Erckert, Roderich von, on Jewish type, 175
Erigena, John Scotus, world-concept, 242 n.
Essenes, tendency, 211
Estates, beginning, 280; as term, 329 n.; “in form” and cultural history, 330-332; and residue classes, caste, 332-334; and occupation classes, 333, 348, 477; relation to non-estate, 334; and society, 343; build and course of Cultures, 347; primary, and economy and science, 347; relation to peasantry, vassalage, 348, 349; end of primary, 357; primary and existence of State, 362; and laws, 364; contest with State, 366; final effort for rule, 385, 386; and parties, 449. _See also_ Democracy; Nobility; Politics; Priesthood
Ethics, and truth, 144; Jesus and morals, 217; meaning of religious, 271, 272; moral defined, negations and being, 272-274; character of social, 273; duality of moral, noble and priestly, 341; custom-ethic, crowd, honour, 342, 343; in economic life, 348, 472; dual moral and law, 363. _See also_ Philosophy; Religion; Truth
Etruscan language, and Roman cults, 154 n.; as Roman, 395 n.
Etruscans, as name, and people, 164; no nation, 173
Eubulus of Athens, and finance, 372, 494
Eudaimonia, Rationalism, 307
Eugene IV, pope, insurgent faction, 381 n.
Euhemerism, 306
Evolution. _See_ Darwinism
E’we language, 140
Exchequer, origin of term, 372
Exegesis. _See_ Sacred books
Exekias, vase-painting, 135
Exilarch, position, 208
Expansion, political aspect of Classical conquests, 407. _See also_ Imperialism
Experience, egoistic basis, 26
Expositio, of German law, 76
Expression, defined, 133
Ezekiel, Persian influence, 208; and Talmud, 208; revelation, 245
Ezra, and Talmud, 208
Fabii, and Roman history, 336
Factions, political, 448
Factory-worker, as agent of Western technique, 504
Facts, and truths, 11, 12; as starting point of history, 47; and politics, 368
Faith, defined, and intellect, 266, 269, 271; and life, 271; Luther’s concept and contrition, 298; under Rationalism, 308, 309. _See also_ Religion; Truth
Falasha, as Jews, 176 n.; as tribe, 348, 479
Family, and State, 329, 336; cultural basis, 330; relation of priesthood, 337; cultural styles of nobility, 350, 351; “in form” relation, 362; inward experience, 365; and economic side of being, 471. _See also_ Sex
Fan-Sui, character, 419
_Fas_, and _jus_, 72, 78
Fate, cultural attitude, 267. _See also_ Destiny; Religion
Faustian Culture. _See_ Western Culture
Fear, human, relation to invisible, 8, 12; of death, 15, 16; and “thou,” 133; and speech, 133, 139; and Arabian apocalypse, 212; and religion, 265
Feeling, and understanding, 136; language and domination of intellect, 144, 145
Fehbellin, battle, importance, 182
Fellahism, as post-Civilization residue, 105; as term, 169; of Arabian nations, 178; and pacifism, 185, 186; religious, 314; rigidity, 362
Ferdinand V of Spain, dynasty-idea, 381
Feudalism, cultural contemporaries, 39, 40; Arabian, 196-199; Byzantine, 199; vassalage, 349; union of power and booty, fiscal machinery, 371, 372; rise, idea, 371, 376; Western national stirrings, 372; rise of control by Western nobility, 372, 374; world-power idea, Empire-Papacy contest, 373, 374; Classical, and polis, 374; decay, interregnum, 375; economy, 477
Ficinus, Marcilius, and Devil-cult, 291
Fictitious authorship, significance in Arabian Culture, 72 n.
Fifty-year period, cultural rhythm, 392 n.
Finance, rise of officialdom, 371; classical attitude, 383. _See also_ Money
Finck, F. N., on word and sentence, 141
Firm, as Western symbol, 490
Flaminius, C., significance, 65; conquest, 408; consul-list, 409 n.; and finance, 410, 411; and party, 451
Flaminius, T. Quinctius, and political organization, 452
Flavius, Cneius, son of freedman, 166 n.
Force, alteration in concept, 307; Western dynamic Rationalism, 309. _See also_ Motion; Technique
Foreign relations, unilateral law, 364-366; in conflict of estates and State, 367; importance of inner authority, 369; as field of high politics, 440, 447; war as primary relation, 440. _See also_ Peace; War
Form, being “in form,” 330; of historical movement, 361; family and State, 362; Civilization and loss, Cæsarism, 398, 404, 406, 418, 431; economic “in form,” 471
Fortune, as displacing possession, 483
Fourier, François, M. C., and English economics, 469
Fourth Estate, significance, 358. _See also_ Crowd
Fox, Charles James, and French Revolution, 412
France, Anatole, on law, 64; and moral, 272 n.
France, sterility, 106; national origin, 182; States-General, 373; absolutism and Fronde, 388, 390; impractical politics, 403; financial and military rule, 415. _See also_ French Revolution
Francis of Assisi, and compassion, 273
Franciscans, as urban, 92
Francke, August H., Pietism, 308
Franco-German War, German bankers and French loans, 402 n.
Frangipani, and Papacy, 354
Frankish dynasty, notion, 379 n.
Fratres Arvales, end of records, 255; rites, 314; formal restoration, 433
Frau Holde, and Mary-cult, 299
Frederick I Barbarossa, and Henry the Lion, 180 n.
Frederick II, emperor, and finance, 372, 489
Frederick the Great of Prussia, and conscription, 420 n.; tact of command, 444; economics and politics, 475
Frederick William of Brandenburg, as real ruler, 389
Frederick William I of Prussia, and army, 415; as politician, 443; finance, 489
Frederick William III of Prussia, and army, 406
Freedom, rise of idea, significance, 354, 356, 358; as negation, 456; and money, 481 n.
French Revolution, and dynastic idea, 183; political significance, 387; struggle for internal control, 398; not economic, 399 n.; and mob, 400; English ideas and practices, 403, 411, 412; as unique, 411; and set of incidents, 411 n.
Frobenius, Leo, on primitive Culture, 33; on Arabian “cavern,” 233
Fronde, significance, 386, 404; European absolutism, 388; principle in Thirty Years’ War, 389; struggle elsewhere, outcome, 390, 404; period in Arabian Culture, 423
Fugger, city nobility, 356; small-scale traffic, 481 n.
Function, Western money concept, 486, 489
Furniture, race in, 122
Gaia cult, 283
Gaius, Institutes, 67
Galba, unimportance, 50
Gallienus, mounted corps, 199; historyless, 432
Gamaliel, influence, 209
Gao-dsung, and Nestorians, 260
Gathas, Gnosis, 228
Gelnhausen, cathedral art, 123
Gelon, and Syracuse, 382 n.
Genealogy, and fear, 265; time-mythology, 286; as Western-principle, 350; and Chinese ancestry-worship, 351; inherited will, 377; and money, 449 n. _See also_ Dynastic idea
Genesis, influences, 209 n.
Georgia, State religion, 253
Germanic law, development, 75, 76
Germany, and Roman law, 76, 77; and Western Civilization, 109; dynasty and nationalism, 181-183; politics, army, and administration, 415, 444; character of constitution of 1919, 457 n. _See also_ Holy Roman Empire; Prussia
Gesture, as sign of language, punctuation, 134; and words, 140 n.
Ghassanids, court, poetry, 198
Ghetto, as Jewish mode, 315, 317
Giotto, as Gothic, 291
Gnosis, and Chaldean, 176; Eastern and Western forms, 228, 229, 250
Godwin, William, and Third Estate, 403 n.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, and cosmic beat, 5; historical attunement, 30; form-fulfilment theory, 32, 32 n.; on parts of a Culture, 37 n.; on world-literature, 108; form and untruth, 137 n.; on German nationalism and poetry, 182; on freedom, 267; on confession, 295; on doer, 442; on book-keeping, 490
Gold reserve and standard, and credit, 491 n. _See also_ Money
Golden Age, Classical, 239
Gomdan, stronghold, 197
Good, as evaluation, 241 n.
Goods, early traffic, 480
Goslar, cathedral art, 123
Gospels, fictitious authorship, 72 n.; character, 212; picture, 217 n.; Mark, 223; John, 226, 234, 244, 245, 250; warrantry, 248
Gothic, as cosmic, 92, 93; cathedral, 122, 123, 153; and Baroque science, 270; Renaissance as return, 291; and personality, 293; and Reformation, 296; result on Jews of contact, 317-319; and technique, 502, 503
Gould, Benjamin A., on American race, 119
Government. _See_ Politics
Gracchi, importance, 47, 50; and rural citizens, 384 n.; financing, 402; and money, 410, 494; disorders, 423; and Tribunate, 433; and party, 451; and political theory, 454; and electorate, 457 n.; and courts, 460
Grace, plurality of idea, 59; as Arabian doctrine, 234, 241, 242; Western concept, 292
Grammar, sentence and word, 141, 145; and syntax, 142; lost origin, 146; and vocabularies as basis of linguistic families, 147; Indogermanic, 148; and writing, 149
Granada, as world-city, 99; Jewish city, 316
Gratian, Decretum, 77, 290
Great Protectors, Chinese period, 40
Great Wall, contemporary, 41
Greek, as language of Christianity, 224, 252, 256; as Roman language, 395 n.
Greek fire, purpose, 502 n.
Greek Orthodox Church, picture series, 116. _See also_ Christianity
Greeks, no nation, 173; as adherents of Syncretic cults, 176; as Christian Church, 177; modern security as Byzantine relic, 323
Gregory VII, pope, and world-power, 373
Gregory of Tours, history and Karamzin’s narrative, 192; religiousness, 277
Groot, Jan J. M. de, mistake on Chinese religions, 286 n.
Grosseteste, Robert, philosophy, 8 n., 172 n.; as scientist, 300
Gudunov {sic}, Boris, period, 192
Guilds, status, and tribal organization, 348
Gundisapora, school, 200; location, 200 n.
Gunpowder, and printing, 460; Chinese discovery, 501 n.; and Greek fire, 502 n.
Habsburgs, and Austrian nation, 182; and world-history, 336
Hadramaut, Axumite kings, 197 n.
Hadrian, legal edict, 66
Hague Conference, as prelude of war, 430
Halakha, Jewish and Christian, 221
Hallgerd, as destiny, 329
Halo, significance, 378
Halyburton, Thomas, on divine-given torments, 299 n.
Hamdanids, rule, 197
Hamilcar Barca, Spanish conquest, 408
Hammurabi, code, 75 n.
Han dynasties, 41; fall, 314
Hanifs, Puritanism, 304
Hannibal, and Hellenism, 191, 422; and border States, 408
Hansa, small-scale traffic, 481 n.
Haoma-drinking, 203, 207
Hasidim, sect, 255, 321
Hatshepsut, and Egyptian history, 434
Hauran, feudalism, 196
Heaven, Arabian and Western, 292; Western and Russian, 295 n.
Hebrew, fate of spoken and written, 73 n.
Hegel, Georg W. F., and law of nature, 78; and numbers, 269 n.
Hellenes, as name, 161, 173
Hellenism, as fellah, 185; and Cannæ and Zama, 191, 422; Paganism and Christianity, 203, 204; materialism and myth, 310. _See also_ Pseudomorphosis
Helots, status, 322, 349; attempt to emancipate, 357
Henotheism, Arabian, 201. _See also_ Religion
Henry IV, emperor, contemporaries, 39
Henry VI, emperor, and world-power, 374
Henry VII of England, dynasty-idea, 381
Hermes Trismegistus, fictitious, 72 n.
Hermetic Pœmander, 213 n.
Hermetics, collection as canon, 247; period, 250
Hermopolis, cult, 279, 281
Hero, and technique, 501
Herod, Hellenism, 211
Herodotus, on Persians, 167; inaccuracy on Egypt, 333
Heroism, and race, 339; hero-death, 471
Herrnhut, Pietism, 308
Hesiod, and Classical religious beginnings, 282
Hia dynasty, mythology, 286, 379 n.
Hiang-Sui, peace league, 429
Hidalgo, meaning, 342 n.
Hierocles, breviary, 252
Hijra, era, 239
Himaryites, history, 197 n.; Jewish State religion, 153
Hinayana doctrine, 312
Hippodamus of Miletus, city-plan, 100
History, and cosmic and microcosmic, 23, 24; adjustment to horizon, cultural aspect, 24, 25; subjective basis, 26, 29; cultural history-pictures, 27, 28; Western Culture and infinite, 28; irrational culminative division scheme, 28, 37, 55, 190; Western Culture and individuality in historical attunement, planes, 29; future uniform physiognomic, 30; enlarged possibilities, restoration and prediction, 36; Cultures and significance, 44; true definition and treatment, physiognomic fact, 46, 47; biological sense of primitive, 48; and final objects, 48; Cultures and historical man, 48; exhaustion of Civilization and historylessness, 48-51; actualization of the spiritual, 49; intra- and intercultural, 55; cultural plurality, soul and transfer of form, 55-60; importance of negative cultural influences, 57-59; cultural transfer of Christianity as example, 59, 60; of Roman Law as example, 60-83; city’s “visage” as, 94; and classes, 96; and Civilization, superficial, 109, 339; and race, 116; and writing, 150, 153; relation to people, 165, 169, 170, 181; and nations, 171; and faith and science, 271; and moral, 272; of truths, 274; Western sense, influence of contrition, 294; in intercultural dissonance, 319; sex war, 328; cosmic-politic duality, family and State, 329; “in form” estates and making, 330; cultural tradition, 338; being-streams as true, 339; and State, 361; as court, high decision, 507. _See also_ Being; Cultures; Destiny; Landscape; Nature; Politics; Race; Sex; Time
Hogarth, William, art sermons, 116
Hohenstaufens, results of fall, 181
Hohenzollerns, and Prussia, 182
Holy Roman Empire, significance, 181; electorate, 373; world-power and contest with Papacy, 373, 374; decay, 376; Thirty Years’ War, Wallenstein, 388-391; provincial horizons, 392
Holy Synod, 278
Homer, urban language, 125 n.; indifference to religion, 281; feudal evidences, 374; and talent, 486
Ho-nan-fu, as royal residence, 92
Honour, and class, 342; as basic concept of ethics, 343; in economic life, 472
Horten, Max, on popular Islam, 237 n.
Horus-hawk cult, end, 279, 373
Hou-li, as religious source, 286
House, Minoan and Mycenæan, 88; farmhouse as symbol, 90; megalopolitan, 99; and architecture, 120; as expression of race, 120-122; as totem, history, 121; and ornament, 121; and family, 329; political and economic expression, 471
Hsinan-tang, in India, 107
Hugo de St. Victor, Arabian contemporaries, 250
Huguccio, pun, 77 n.
Humanism, field, 291 n. _See also_ Renaissance
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, on language, 117 n.; and State, 366 n.; on politics and literature, 439 n.
Hume, David, and economic thought, 403, 469
Hunac Ceel, rule, 45
Hunger-death, 471
Huns, Chinese repulse and Western attack, 41
Hus, John, and reform, 296
Huxley, Thomas H., race classification, 125
Hwang of Tsi, as protector, 388
Hwang-ti, rise, 38; as title, 41; cult, 314; economics and politics, 475
Hybrias the Cretan, and _carpe diem_, 383
Hybris, doctrine, 282, 301
Hyksos Period, meaning, 38, 41; preliminaries, 386; and Cæsarism, 427; as term, 428 n.; and political theory, 453
Hypothesis, and usefulness, 144
Hyrcanus, Hellenism, 211
Iamblichus, and Pagan Church, Syncretism, 204, 252; on divine substance, 256; and numbers, 269 n.
Ibas, and substance controversy, 256
Ibn Sina, style of canon, 346
Ibsen, Henrik, and marriage, 105
Ice Age, man in, 33
Iconoclasm. _See_ Images
Ilya Muromyets, hero, 192
Images, in Pagan churches, 204; basis of worship, 256; Arabian and Greek iconoclasm, 304, 425. _See also_ Monophysites
Immaculate Conception, as English idea, 294 n.
Immortality, cultural basis, 59. _See also_ Death
Imperialism, Chinese, 38, 41; Indian, 41 n.; collapse of Roman, 42; Calvin-Loyola struggle, 299; political aspect of Classical conquests, 407; cultural necessity, 422 n., 424. _See also_ Politics
Indian Culture, ahistoric, and script, 36, 150, 152; problems of study, 38; and Imperialism, 41 n.; fate in, 267; beginning of religion, 281; Rationalism, 307; style of priesthood, 352; relation of primary estates, 353; and world-power, 373 n. _See also_ Buddhism; Cultures
Indians, and Americans, 119; gesture language, 140 n., 147
Indogermanic system, alien words, 148; youth, question of grammar, 148; effect of ahistoric Cultures, 150; basis of coherence, 166; and Persians, 166-169; and Western genealogical ideal, 181
Industry. _See_ Economics; Technique
Infinity, in Western Culture, 46. _See also_ Depth-experience
Innocent III, pope, and world-power, 374; as politician, 442
Inquisition, and Devil-cult, 291
Inscriptions, as taboo, 121 n.
Insula Feliculæ, 101
Intelligence, as tension, 102; language as vehicle of dominance, 144, 145; and race-traits, 166; aristocracy, 166 n.; and cosmopolitanism, 184; Jesus and, 216-218; Paul’s introduction with Christianity, 221; Jewish period, 316; and primary estates, 356, 357; and Cæsarism, 433. _See also_ Causality; Knowledge; Rationalism; Thought; Town; Understanding; Waking-being
International law, and Roman _jus gentium_, 61. _See also_ Foreign relations
Internationalism, as element of Jewry, 320
Interregnum, cultural period, significance, 375
Interrex, and oligarchy, 375
Inventions, Western, 501. _See also_ Technique
Ionic, as microcosmic, 92
Ipsus, battle, importance, 422
Irak, slave-rebellion, 426, 428 n.
Irenæus, and Western Church, 229; and commentary, 247; period, 250
Irnerius, and Roman law, 77
Isaac Hassan (ibn Sid), as scientist, 316
Isaiah, as Arabian prophet, 205
Isidore, biography, 252
Isis cult, origin, 201, 310
Islam, as Puritanism, 74, 302-304; and nationality, 178; Logos, 236; significance as term, 240; community of elect, 243; and substance controversy, 256; Monophysites and starting point, 258; missionarism, 259, 304; earlier Arabian religions and success, 260; as Arabian manifestation, 304; fellahism, 315; basis for endurance, 323; political aristocracy of beginning, 424. _See also_ Arabian Culture; Mohammed; Religion; Sufism
Isocrates, and class dictatorship, 404
Israelites, tribal association, 175. _See also_ Jews
Italy, union as Germanic dynastic creation, 181; city-republic finance, 489
Ivan III, and Tartars, 192
Ivan IV, the Terrible, period, 192
I-Wang, contemporaries, 39; and feudalism, 349 n., 375
Jabna, Council of, on revelation, 245
Jackson, Andrew, and party, 451
Jacopone da Todi, and reform, 296
Jainism, Rationalism, 307
James, Saint, Gospel, 223 n.
James I of England, and marriage-alliance, 389
Jansenists, Puritan manifestation, 302
Japan, cultural status, 49 n., 108, 323, 421 n.
Jason of Pheræ, politics, 407
Jehuda, Rabbi, period, 250
Jehuda ben Halevi, and science, 315
Jeremiah, as Arabian prophet, 205
Jerusalem, relation to Jewry, 204, 208, 210
Jespersen, Otto, on origin of language, 138
Jesubocht, Corpus, 75
Jesuits, as urban, 92. _See also_ Loyola
Jesujabh III, on conversion to Islam, 260
Jesus, and ceremonial, 134 n.; life and biography, 212; and John the Baptist, Mandæanism, 214; connotation of “Nazarene,” 214 n.; self-view as prophet and Messiah, 215; townlessness, 215; before Pilate, faith and fact, 216, 473 n.; metaphysical world, 217; effect of Resurrection, 218; romances of birth and childhood, 224, 237, 250; world-image, and apocalyptic, 237, 239; and submission, 240. _See also_ Christianity; Logos; Substance
Jews, creed basis of law, Talmud, 69; jurisprudence, 71; pre-cultural law, 75; comradeship and race in European, 126, 127; tribal types, 175; ignored phases of religious history, 191; crusade, 198; Yahweh cult in Syncretism, 201; Judaism as Arabian prophetic religion, 204-207; effect of exile, apocalypse and Persian influence, 207; Judaistic minority, Talmudic development, 208; Exilarch majority, 208, 210; law and the prophets as separate, 209; post-exilic (springtime) increase, spirit, 209, 316; Judea and Jewry, fall of Jerusalem as liberation, 209-211; tendencies, rescue from pseudomorphic Hellenism, 210, 211; end of apocalypse, 211; Judaism and exclusive Messiah Christian sects, disappearance, 219, 220, 252; Paul and Judaism, 221; era, 239; and revelation, 245; separation of Christianity, 251; missionarism, 259; Mazdak reformation, end of theology, 261; fellah-religion, 315, 323; Arabian-type nationality and ghetto, 315, 317; intellectual (Baroque) period, in Spain, 316; spiritual character of period, 316; Civilization period, results of contact with Gothic, 317-319; race and piety phases of later antagonism, 318-320; landless consensus and Western patriotism, 320; fixed alien metaphysic phase, 321; and Western Civilization, 322; danger of dissolution, 323; economic rôle, 481 n.; and machine-industry, 504 n. _See also_ Arabian Culture; Religion
Jezidi, and Trinity, 236
Joachim of Floris, world-conception, 28; Arabian contemporaries, 250; and reform, 296
Job, Book of, character, 208; and will, 242
John Gospel, 226; Mani and, 227, 251 n.; dualism, 234; on God and the Word, 244; as a Koran, 245; and Old Testament, 245; period, 250
John the Baptist, Mandæanism, and Jesus, 214; order-community, 254
John Tzimisces, power, 426
Josephus, on Sadducees, 211
Judah, Abraham and betrayal money, 237
Judaism. _See_ Jews
Judge of men, and speech, 137
Judith, as Arabian, 208
Jugurtha, power, 428
Julian, edict, 66 n.; and cult nation, 176, 204; as prophet, 204; and Syncretism, 253; and monasticism, 254
Jundaisapur, and Gundisapora, 200 n.
Junian Latins, 68 n.
Jupiter Dolichenus cult, 201
Juridical person, as Arabian concept, 67, 68, 174, 177
Jurisprudence, as late science, 66; Egyptian and Chinese, 67 n.; future Western, 80-83, 505. _See also_ Roman law
_Jus_, and _lex_ in Arabian Culture, 71; and _fas_ in Western Culture, 78
_Jus gentium_, Classical idea, 61; as imperial law, 66
Justification by faith, and Western Rationalism, 309
Justinian, Arabian jurisprudence, 70 n., 71, 74; army system, 199; Digests as interpretation, 246; and end of theology, 261; Nika Rebellion, 381 n.; conflict with nobility, 423
Kabbalah, and secret dogma, 247
Kalaam, and pneuma, 242
Kama-sutram, and sport, 103
Kanauj, as world-city, 99
Kant, Emmanuel, and numbers, 269 n.; gloom, 295; and Devil-cult, 303; and Talmudic intellects, 322; on marriage, 337; and celibacy of science, 346
Kara Balgassun, inscription, 260
Karæi, as order, 255; Puritanism, rise, 316
Karamzin, Nikolai M., narrative, 192
Karlsruhe, plan, 100 n.
Karlstadt, as Gothic, 296
Karna, and civil law, 210
Karo, Joseph, metaphysic, 321
Karramiyya movement, 424, 425
Karun valley, Mandæanism, 214 n.
Kassites, as rulers, 40
Khazars, conversion to Judaism, 259
Khuzistan, Mandæanism, 214 n.
Ki-Sung, dynasties, 379 n.
Kierkegaard, Sören, “playing” with religion, 137
Kinnesrin, school, 200
Kiur Zan, power, 426
Knowledge, waking-being and problem of epistemology, 14; technical and theoretical, 25; epistemology and destiny, 267 n. _See also_ Intelligence
Kobad I, and Mazdak, 261
Koran, as term, 244. _See also_ Islam
Kung-Yang, on Middle Kingdom, 373 n.
Kwan-tse, and pre-Confucian philosophy, 300
Kwei-ku-tse, character, 419 n.
Labna, and Mexican Culture, 45
Labor. _See_ Economics
Laity, _vis-à-vis_ clergy, 333
Lakayata, system, 309
Lakhmids, court, poetry, 198
Lambert, Édouard, on Twelve Tables, 65 n.
Land, and Classical money wealth, 487. _See also_ Peasantry
Landscape, necessity of study in man’s history, 39 n.; of Arabian Culture, 42; relation to Culture, 46; and transfer of forms, 57; and town, 90; and race, 113, 119, 129, 130; and language, 119; and plant changes, 130; and religions of Cultures, 278; as Chinese prime symbol, 287
Language, and emancipation of understanding, 9; of Civilization, 108; defined, development, 114, 115; and race and waking-being, 114, 117; expression and communication, “I” and “thou,” motive and sign, 115, 133; cult-colouring of prime words, 116; and taboo, 116; and speaking, dead languages, 117, 125; independence from landscape, mother-tongue fallacy, 119; essence, wordless, 131, 132; essential element of relations of microcosm, 132; phases of expression, extensiveness, 134; evolution of communication, 134; speech divorced from speaking, rigid signs as system, 134, 144; “knowing” the language, complexity, 135; set language and understanding, 135; signs and meaning, relation to truth, 136, 137; “playing” with expression, 137; spiritual communion and silence, 137; words, origin, incompleteness, 137, 138, 142; vocal and verbal, 138; name and word, 138-141; opposite word-pairs, 140; Chinese voice-differentiations, 140 n.; grammar and sentence, relation to word, 141; sentences and race, 142; acquisition of words, 142; verbs and thought-categories, 143; abstract thinking and intellect and life, 144; stages of history, 145; lost formative history, 146; as ancient class-secret, 146; tempo of history, effect of writing, 147; grammar and vocabulary, linguistic families as grammatical, 147; alien words, 148; as to Aryan, 149; written and colloquial, 150; morphology of Culture-languages, 152-155; birth of cultural, popular talk and cult speech, 153-155; city script-speech, 155; and people, 161; Persian, 166; mother tongue and dynastic idea, 183; and literary history, 190; influence on Christianity, 224, 241 n., 252, 256, 258; of Arabian religions, 252. _See also_ Literature; Race; Words; Writing
Lao-tse, Taoism, 307; Pietism, 308
Lao-Tzu, and sterility, 105
Lassalle, Ferdinand, and class dictatorship, 404; and English economics, 469
Latin, disappearance from legal life, 75; and Western scholar-languages, 155; and Christianity, 241 n., 258; period, 395 n.
Latin-America, and Cæsarism, 435
Law, property as power, 345; defined, 363; as instrument of power, internal and external, 365-367. _See also_ Jurisprudence; Roman law
League of Nations, Chinese attempt, 38, 417, 429
Learning, separation from priesthood, 345; priesthood and cultural form of profane, 345-347; and nobility and economics, 347
Le Bon, Gustave, study of the crowd, 18 n.
Lechfeld, battle, 259
Leibniz, Baron von, and evolution, 31
Leiden, Papyrus, on Hyksos Period, 427
Lemnos, inscription, 122
Lenel, Otto, on Roman jurisprudence, 67
Lenin, Nikolai, as mass-leader, 448 n. _See also_ Bolshevism
Leo III, emperor, legislation, 75, 357; iconoclasm, 304
Leo V, and Theodore of Studion, 425
Leonardo da Vinci, and Gothic, 291
Leonardo Pisano, on accountancy, 489 n.
Leontini, destruction, 405
Lessing, Gotthold E., and German nationalism, 182; and Rationalism, 305
Letter, as language-picture, 134. _See also_ Writing
Levites, as term for priesthood, 175
_Lex_, and _jus_, Arabian, 71
_Lex Æbutia_, and present law, 62
_Lex Canuleia_, 69 n., 397
Lex Hortensia, 358, 396
Lex Ogulnia, and Plebs, 408
Li-Ki, ritual work, 312 n., 315
Li Si, standard script, 152
Li-Szu, and Wang-Cheng, 41
Li-Wang, problem, 38; flight, 376
Libyan problem, 162
Lidzbarski, Mark, on Jesus as Mandæan, 214 n.
Lies, and set language, 136, 137
Life. _See_ Being; Death; Sex; Waking-being
Light. _See_ Sight
Limes, Great Wall as, 41
List, Friedrich, relation to property, 345; and English economics, 469
Literature, rural and urban, 93; of Culture and Civilization, 107; German and nationalism, 182; and cosmopolitanism, 185; Arabian research, 190; and language history, 190; hero-tales, 192; Arabian Minne, and epic, 198, 250; Chinese drama, 286; Byzantine and Arabian, 304
Livy, and polis, 383
Lo-Yang, as royal residence, 92
Locke, John, and Continental Rationalism, 308
Logic, and opposites, 141; and truth, 144; and history, 144
Logos, John Gospel, 226; Pseudomorphic and Arabian, 229; Jezidi view, 236; Arabian indwelling of spirit, light-sensation, 236, 237; alteration in concept, 307. _See also_ Trinity
Lombarda code, 76
London, as world-city, 99
Lorraine, as name, 161, 181
Louis XI of France, dynasty-idea, 381
Love, and cosmic beat, 166; and religion, faith 265, 266; and stability, 275; cultural religious, 279; and nobility, 351
Loyalists, American, 412 n.
Loyola, Ignatius, on moral, 272; as Gothic, 296; and world-politics, 299; Puritanism, 302
Lü-pu-Wei, Syncretism, 312 n.
Lü-Shi Chun-tsiu, 312 n.
Lucca, Cæsar’s politics, 446
Luceres, tribe, 351, 382
Lui-Shi, and Wang-Cheng, 41; as statesman, 418, 419; tutor, 419 n.
Lukka, as name, 164
Luschen, Felix von, ethnological research, 129
Luther, Martin, as Gothic, 296; as urban monk and schoolman, 297, 298; and Devil-cult, 299; lack of practicality, 299; and science, 300
Lycurgus, laws, 64, 65
Lyell, Sir Charles, theory as English, 31
Lysander, and army, 406; as victor, 422
Lysias, on speculators, 484
Macedonians, as rulers, 40; schools and nationalism, 162 n.; and Arabian Culture, 189. _See also_ Alexander the Great
Machiavellism, and factions, 448
Machine. _See_ Technique
Macrocosm, animal’s microcosmic relation, 3, 4, 15; man’s self-adjustment, 14. _See also_ Cultures; History; Microcosm; Morphology; Nature; Waking-being
Madrid, as provincial city, 99
Mælius, Sp., movement, 397
Magi, as term for priesthood, 175
Magian Culture. _See_ Arabian Culture
Magic, technique, 268, 271
Magna Charta, and control by nobility, 373
Magnesia, battle, 422
Magnitude, Classical money-concept, 486-489
Mahavira, Rationalism, 307
Mahayana, doctrine, 312, 313
Mahraspand, Mazdaism, 251
Maimon, Solomon, and Kant, 322
Maimonides, Moses, world, 241 n.; collection of dogmas, 315; and Spinoza, 321
Ma’in, Kingdom of, feudalism, 196; geography, 196 n.
Mamertines, as people, 160
Man, lordship of sight, visual thought, 7-9; language and understanding, theoretical thought, 9, 10; and fear of death, 15, 16; destiny and causality types, 16-19; refutation of Darwinism, 32; two great ages, 33; in primitive Culture, 33, 34; effect of agriculture, 89. _See also_ Animal; Being; Microcosm; Sex; Waking-being
Management, American development, 82 n. _See also_ Technique
Manchester School, and Rationalism, 403
Mandæanism, as redemption-religion, 213; John the Baptist and Jesus, 214; survival, 214 n.; disappearance, 252; order-communities, 254
Maniakes, Turk, 427 n.
Manichæism, and Chaldean, 176; origins, 209, 251; Logos and Paraclete, 227, 251 n.; development, 251; missionarism, 260; Albegensians, 260 n.
Mannheim, plan, 100 n.
Manufacturer, as economic class, 478
Manzikert, battle, 427
Mar Shimun, prince-patriarch, 177
Marcianus, and dynasty, 379
Marcion, Bible and Church, 225-228, 245; period, 250; and reform, 296
Marcionites, era, 239
Marcus Aurelius, as episode, 171; religiousness, 313; and peace, 430; Cæsarism and Stoicism, 434 n.
Marduk, as deity, 206
Marib, Congress of Princes, 197, 304
Marinus, as biographer, 252
Marius, C., and money, 410; and Cæsarism, 423; and party, 451
Mark Gospel, 223
Market, status, 91, 480
Marozia, as destiny, 339
Marriage, law, control over it, 78, 365; Civilization type, 105; defined, 344 n.; “in form” relation, 362
Marx, Karl, and Marxism, and property, 344; and party, 450; and effective theory, 454; end of influence, 454, 45 5; and English economics, 469; and economic classes, 478; and value, 482 n.; and work, 492; in Russia, 495 n.; on machine-industry as bourgeois, 504 n. _See also_ Socialism
Mary of England, and absolutism, 388
Mary-cult, Arabian development, 224; victory at Ephesus, 257; Western development, 288; and contrition, 293; effect of Reformation, 299
Materialism. _See_ Rationalism
Mathematics, and religion, 268
Matthew Gospel, Judaic character, 220 n.
Maule, Sir William H., and divorce laws, 64 n.
Maurists, and orders and schools, 346
Maurya and Sunga dynasty, and Imperialism, 41 n.
Mavali, and revolution, 424
Maximilian I, emperor, and law, 76; dynasty-idea, 380
Mayan Culture. _See_ Mexican Culture
Mayapan, and Mexican Culture, 45
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal, power, 389; and Fronde, 390
Mazdaism, and chivalry, 198; development, 251; as State religion, 253; missionarism, 260; absorption, 260
Mazdak, reformation, 261; and Karramiyya movement, 424
Mechanics. _See_ Technique
Medes, as rulers, 40; as people, 167
Mediæval History, as term, 28
Medici, city nobility, 356; economics and politics, 475; small-scale traffic, 481 n.
Medicine, as priesthood, 478 n.
Medinet Habet, relief, 164 n.
Mediterranean region, influence of climatic change, 39 n.
Medrashim, style, 346
Megalopolitanism, and nomadism, 90; and country, 94; development, and provinces, 98, 99; absolute intellect, 99; city planning, 100; future Western, 101; Classical inner-town, 101; final phase, death, 102, 107; tension, 102; sport, 103; and sterility, 103-105; and uniform type, 108; and language, 155; and cosmopolitanism, 184; phase in Jewry, 317, 318; and Fourth Estate and mob, 358, 399; and public opinion, 400; and Cæsarism, 431; and economics, 484. _See also_ Town
Megasthenes, on Calani, 175 n.
Mehlis, C., on Libyan problem, 162
Melfi, constitutions, 372
Memory, and the named, 140
Meng Tse, materialism and myth, 310, 312
Mercenaries, and Cæsarism, 428
Messana, democratic triumph, 396
Messiah, as common Arabian idea, 206; of Mandæanism, 214; attitude of Jesus, 215; effect of Resurrection, 218
Metals, primacy, 500. _See also_ Smith
Metaphysics. _See_ Philosophy; Religion
Methodism, Pietism, practicality, 308
Mewes, Rudolf, on weather and war, 392 n.
Mexican Culture, development, 43; violent death, 43; reconstruction of history, 44, 45; Civilization and Aztecs, 45; jurisprudence, 66; depopulation, 106, 107; religious beginnings, 288; fellah-religion, 315
Mexico City. _See_ Tenochtitlan
Meyer, Edward, on Persian host, 40 n., 167; on history, 47, 50; error on Egyptian nobility, 350 n.; correct Egyptian chronology, 427 n.; mistake on Roman Cæsarism, 432 n.
Michael III, emperor, and Bardas, 426
Michelangelo, and Devil-cult, 292
Microcosm, animal as, in macrocosm, 3-5, 15; sense as organ, 6, 7; waking-being, 7; and cosmic beat, crowd, 18; and history and nature, 23, 24; and megalopolitanism, 90; language as essential element, 132; and sex, 327; and Western technique, 504. _See also_ Animal; Cosmic; Waking-being
Middle Kingdom, Chinese, and world-power, 373
Middle Kingdom, Egyptian, significance, 387
Middleman, as economic class, 478; as economic master, 483, 484; as agent of Western technique, 504. _See also_ Economics; Money
Migrations, and peoples, 162-165; small bands, 163, 167
Miletus, style of school, 345
Mill, John Stuart, and Pascal, 273
Milton, John, and concepts, 303
Minæans, tribal association, 174
Ming-Chu, period, 40, 387
Ming-ti, as ruler, 41
Minnesänger, Arabian, 198
Minoan art, and Mycenæ, 87-89; as Egyptian, 88
Mir, status, 348
Mirabeau, Comte de, on law of nations, 366
Mirandola, Francesco della, and Devil-cult, 291
Mirian of Georgia, State religion, 253
Mirza Ali Mohammed, Gnosis, 228
Mishnah, completion, 71; development, 208; as commentary, 247; origin, 316
Missionarism, Arabian, 259; Islam, 304; Pythagorean, 307; Jewish, 318
Mithraism, as military order, 198, 254; in Syncretism, 201, 253; and Essenes, 211; liturgy, 213 n.; provenance, 314 n.
Mithridates, cultural basis of wars, 318, 321 n.
Mitteis, Ludwig, on Constantine’s legislation, 70 n.
Mob. _See_ Crowd
Modern History, as term, 28
Mohammed, predecessors as prophet, 204; Paul’s analogy, 221; as Logos, 236; and consensus, 243; revelation, 244. _See also_ Islam
Moh-ti, and property, 344; and military technique, 421 n.; and politics, 453
Mollahs, law-men, 71
Moltke, Count Hellmuth von, leadership, 444
Mommsen, Theodor, false history, 50; on political character of Roman Empire, 174 n.; misunderstanding of Cæsarism, 432; and Varus’ defeat, 487
Monarchy. _See_ Dynastic idea; Politics
Monasticism (Asceticism), Western rural and urban, 91, 297; in Paganism, 204; character and development of Arabian, 254; Orphic, 283; and orgiasm, 283; sage, 307
Money, as urban, abstract, 97, 58; and idea of property, 357; rise as political force, and Rationalism, 401, 402; in English politics, 403; and class dictatorship, 404; in Roman politics, 410, 411, 457-459; Cæsarism and overthrow, 431, 433 n., 464, 506, 507; and genealogy, 449 n.; and democracy, 456; in Western politics, and press, 460, 462; and end of democracy, 463; early status of coin as goods, 481; beginning of concept as category, 481-484; value-token and payment-medium, 483; trader as master, 483, 484; as power of Civilization, 485; struggle against, 485; and mobility, 485; money-mass and value, 485 n.; cultural symbols, 486; Classical magnitude concept, 486, 495; irrelation with Classical land value, 487; Classical slaves as, 488, 496; Western function-concept, book-keeping, 489, 490; Western Culture and metallic, 490, 491; and work, quantity and quality, 491-493; capital, cultural basis, 493; financial organization, cultural basis, 494; Russian attitude, 495 n.; struggle with technique, 505; and Socialism, 506 n. _See also_ Economics
Monophysites, importance, 47; creed basis of law, 70; as nation, 177; and Mary-cult, 224; origin, 257; and starting-point of Islam, 258; missionarism, 260; and reform, 296
Monotheism, relation to Arabian Culture, 201 n.
Montanist movement, 227
Morale. _See_ Ethics; Spirit; Truth
Mormons, as people, 160
Morphology, of Culture languages, 152-155; of peoples, 169; of religious history, 275; of social history, 348; of economic history, 470, 476-480
Mortgages, Classical land, 487 n.
Mortmain, and established church, 177 n.; in Egypt, 375
Moscow, character, 194
Mosque, and basilica, 230
Mother tongue, fallacy, 120; and dynastic-idea, 183. _See also_ Language
Motherhood, “versehen,” 126. _See also_ Demeter; Mary-cult; Sex
Motion, as problem of thought, 14-16; Western concept and military art, 421; money and mobility, 485. _See also_ Technique
Motive, and language, 133
Müller, Frederick, race classification, 125
“Mufti,” 71
Muktara, as capital, 426
Multiplication table, dynamics, 66 n.
Murtada, philosophy, 321
Music, basis of charm, 8; in English Parliamentarism, 403
Musonius Rufus, and peace, 430
Mutation theory, and Darwinism, 32; and Cultures, 33, 36
Mutawakil, palace, 100 n.
Mycenæ, and Crete, 87-89; and beast-formed deities, 276
Mysteries, Classical, 203. _See also_ Religion
Mysticism, Sufism, 176, 228, 242; Arabian period, 200, 250; John Gospel and Christian, 226; longing of Western, 292; of Rationalism and Pietism, 308; Yesirah, 316; fixed Jewish, 321
Myth, as theory, and cult, 268, 499; relation to Greek, 284, 286; time mythology, 286; of Western springtime, 288-290; modern ignorance of it, 290; and Protestantism, 299
Naasenes, Book of, 213 n., 251 n.
Nabu-Nabid, overthrow, 207
Naganjuna, Mahayana doctrine, 313
Nahua, in Mexican Culture, 45
Names, and words, 138-141; and spiritual change, religion, 139; and the enigmatic, 139; and sentence, 141; and things, 148; and people, 160; and technique, 499
Napoleon I and Napoleonism, and dynastic-idea, 181; and Désirée Clary, 329; State-machine, formlessness, 404, 405; army and personal rule, 407; and military mobility, 421; ruthlessness as victor, 422; and Cæsarism, 428; as destiny, 439 n.; and tact of command, 444; economics and politics, 475
Naranjo, and Mexican Culture, 44
Narses, expedition, 200
Nation, as term, 170, 362; destiny, 170; and city-building, 171; separation, 171; representation of minority, 172, 180, 183, 184; character of Classical, 173; of Arabian, 174-178; of Western, 178-184; of Chinese and Egyptian, 178 n.; language basis, continued dynastic feeling, 183; nobility as representative, 184; cosmopolitanism, intelligentsia, and pacifism, 184; peace and fellahism, 185, 186; rise of idea, 385. _See also_ Politics; Race
Nationality, Arabian creed basis, 69, 168, 210, 253, 254, 315, 317; Arabian cult, and world Christianity, 219
Natural science, religious basis, 13; English type of causality, 31; physiognomic, 31; reputation of Darwinism, 32; beginning of Arabian, 200 n.; dispensation and law, 267; Western Culture and practical mechanics, 300; theoretical basis in other Cultures, 301; as diabolical, 302; Jewish, 316; scientists as priests, 478. _See also_ Art; Nature; Technique
Nature, and cosmic and microcosmic, 23, 24; adjustment to, cultural development and horizon, 25; technical and theoretical knowledge, 25; and peasant, 89; of Rationalism, 305-308. _See also_ Causality; History; Natural science
Nazarene, connotation, 214 n.
Nebo, as deity, 206
Nebuchadnezzar, henotheism, prayer, 206
Nehardea, school, 200, 210; as capital of Exilarch, 208
Neo-Brahmanism, 315
Neo-Platonists, dualism, 234; and revelation, 245; period, 250; as order, 254
Neo-Pythagoreans, community, 204, 254; and revelation, 245; period, 250
Nephesh, connotation, 234; soul stones, 234 n.
Nero, and elections, 432; and ideologues, 434
Nestorianism, creed basis of law, 70; as nation, 177; and Mary-cult, 224, 257; formative influences, 228; church language, 252; second-century beginnings, 252 n.; missionarism, 260; and reform, 296
New Testament, Marcion as creator, 226, 227; Marcion and Catholic, 228. _See also_ Bible; Christianity; Gospels
New York, as world-city, 99
Newspaper. _See_ Press
Ngi-li, as religious source, 286
Nicæa, Council of, Constantine and, 257; substance controversy, 257, 276
Nicephorus, power, 426
Nicholas I, pope, and world-power, 373
Nicholas of Cusa, as Western, 316 n.
Nicholas of Oresme, as scientist, 301
Nicias, treaty, 385
Nicodemia, as capital, 191
Nietzsche, Friedrich W., and value of truth, 12; and technique, 302; on duality of moral, 341
Nika Rebellion, 381 n.
Nirvana, rationalistic concept, 307
Nishapur, and Gundisapora, 200 n.
Nisibis, Jewish defence, 198; location, 200 n.
Nobility, primary estate, 97; as State, 172, 180, 183, 367; beginning as estate, 280; relation to other estates, 334, 335; symbolic significance, being, destiny, 335-337, 340; and family, 336; big individuals and tradition, 338; dependence of politics on, 339, 440; and “training,” 340; moral, 341; and idea of property, 343; and learning, 347; common cultural land-bound estate, 350; cultural styles, 350, 351; foci of feelings, 351, 352; conflict with priesthood, 352-354; Classical, and polis, 355; city movement, effect, new type, 355-357; and Third Estate, 356; State rule by minority, 370; and absolutist State, 400; development of Roman political, 409-411; and political Islam, 424; and party-form, 450. _See also_ Estates; Feudalism; Oligarchy; Politics
Nomadism, pre-cultural and megalopolitanism, 89, 90
Normans, development of law, 75; and finance, concept of money, 372, 489
Northcliffe, Viscount, and demagogy, 461, 463
Novel, as megalopolitan, 93
Novels, Justinians, 71
Number, and grammar, 146; and religion, 268; abstract, and abstract money, 481, 482; and technique, 499
Numina, naming, 139
Objects and subjects, 369; in politics, 441; in economics, 479, 493
Occamists, and Copernican system, 301
Occupations, status of classes, and primary estates, 333, 348. _See also_ Economics
Odoacer, historyless, 432
Oetinger, Friedrich C., Pietism, 308
Officialdom, common cultural development, 350; rise of financial, 371; Classical tenure and choice, 380, 383
Oigur realm, Manichæism, 260
Old Kingdom, as Gothic, 296; money concept, 489 n.
Old Testament, and Christian canon, 221, 225, 226, 228, 245. _See also_ Bible
“Old Women,” as phrase, 329 n.
Oldenbarneveldt, Jan van, power, 389
Oldendorp, Johann, and law of nature, 78
Oligarchy, early Roman, 375, 382; and polis, 380-382; and Reformation, 386 n.; Classical democratic contentions, 394-398. _See also_ Nobility
Olivarez, Count, power, 389
Oman, Charles W. C., on Byzantine army system, 199 n.
Omar, Puritanism, 304
Ommaiyads, overthrow, 424
Oñate, Conde de, power, 389
Onias, and the “Law,” 209
Opposites, word pairs and logic, 140
Oresme. _See_ Nicholas of Oresme
Orientation, defined, 133
Origen, Scholasticism, 229; period, 250
Ornament, as taboo, 121; cathedral as, 123; and secular buildings, 123; as expression-language, 134; script as, 151; and number, 268; priesthood as, 337
Orphism, and Classical religious beginnings, 282; asceticism, 283; and reform, 296; and Tyrannis, 386
Orvieto, frescoes, 292
Orsini, and Papacy, 354
Orthodoxy, and Arabian State, 177
Osrhoene, conversion, 177, 253
Ostrogoths, as episode, 171
Othman, war with Ali, 424
Otto I, and world-power, 373
Otto II, and Byzantium, 87
Outsiders, dediticii peregrins, 68 n.
Oxenstierna, Count Axel, power, 389
Pa Period, 387
Pachomius, and monasticism, 254
Pacioli, Luca, book-keeping, 490
Pætus, Thrasea, death, 434
Paganism, struggle with Christianity, 202. _See also_ Hellenism; Pseudomorphosis; Syncretic Church
Paine, Thomas, and Third Estate, 403 n.
Painting, modern as dishonest, 136
Pais, Ettore, on Twelve Tables, 65 n.
Palæontology, refutation of Darwinism, 32
Palenque, and Mexican Culture, 45
Paley, William, and Third Estate, 403 n.
Palmyra, inscriptions, 206
Pan Ku, myth, 312
Papacy, pope and councils, 59; as English idea, 294 n.; family history, 337; and dynamic space, 352; idea and facts, 354; control of Curia, 370; world-power and contest with Empire, 373, 374; clerical nobility and pope, 374; decay, 376. _See also_ Roman Catholic Church
Paper, Chinese invention, 501 n.
Papias, on Jesus’ teachings, 217 n.
Papinian, position as jurist, 71, 73
Papirius Carbo, and Crassius, 459
Paraclete, doctrine, 227. _See also_ Trinity
Paradosis, in Arabian creeds, 228
Paralii, and Tyrannis, 386
Paris, as France, 95; as world-city, 99
Parliamentarism, character, 412-415; as transition, 415, 416; as seasonable political means, 446. _See also_ Democracy; England
Parsees, and ghetto, 315; security, 323
Parshva, Puritanism, 303
Parthians, and Persians, 167; chivalry, 198; wars as Jewish, 198
Party, place in politics, 449; identity with Third Estate, 449; nobility and forms, 450; displacement by private politics, machine, 452, 454, 464. _See also_ Politics
Pascal, Blaise, and Mill, 273; and Devil-cult, 303
Pataliputra, as world-city, 99; abandoned, 107
Patriotism, Western fatherland concept, 179, 183; Jewish attitude, 320
Patrol-state, 366 n.
Paul, Hermann, on sentence, 141
Paul, Saint, position as jurist, 71; and Christian Church, 220, 221; Mohammed’s analogy, 221; system and westward trend of Christianity, 221; and Mark Gospel, 223; and cults, 223; and Greek, 224; dualism, 234; substance controversy as reversal of work, 258
Paulicians, iconoclasm, 304
Paullus, L. Æmilius, Pydna, 190 n.
Pausanias, and helots, 357, 396
Pavia, and legal study, 76
Pe-Ki, as general, 417; overthrow, 419
Peace, Chinese League of Nations attempt, 38, 417, 429; and fellahism, 185, 186; Classical attitude, 385; ruthless, of Cæsarism, 422; as unhistorical, 429, 434; as submission, 434, 441
Peacock, as Arabian symbol, 236
Peasantry, as plant, 89; historyless, cosmic, 96; and religion, 280; relation to primary estates, vassalage, 348, 349; reappearance at end of Culture, 435; lack in England and America, 449 n.; as economic class, 478. _See also_ Being; Country
Pehlevi, as church-language, 252
Pelasgi, as name, 161
Pelham, Sir Henry, money in politics, 403 n.
Penestæ, status, 332
People, false idea, 113, 159; as conscious linkage, 159; and name, 160, 161; and language, 161; and provenance, and migration, 162-165; and race, 165; as soul unit, and events, 165, 169, 170; Romans and Russians as example, 166-169; morphology, 169; creation of Western, 169; as product of Culture, 169, 170; characteristics of nations, 170, 171; of West as result of events, 181; _vis-à-vis_ nobility, 333; rise of ideal concept, 393. _See also_ Race
Pergamum, revolt of Aristonicus, 454
Pericles, age, 391
Peripatos, style, 345
Persecution, contrast of Classical and Arabian, 203
Persephone, cult, 283
Perseus, defeat, 190 n.
Persians, chronology, 27; as rulers, 40; language and people, 166; problem of origin of religion, 168, 191; cult and nationality, 168; religion and Jewish, 207; and revelation, 245; end of theology, 261; Arabian-type nation, ghetto, 315. _See also_ Arabian Culture; Mazdaism; Zarathustra
Person, Classical notion, 60; Arabian concept of incorporeal, 67, 68, 174, 177; Classical concept and Western law, 81, 82
Personality, and contrition, 293; Classical concept, 293 n. _See also_ Destiny; Will
Peruvian Culture, destruction, 46
Peter, Saint, Gospel, 213 n., 223 n.; Paul’s supersession, 221
Peter the Great, Petersburg plan, 101 n.; and Russian pseudomorphosis, 192
Peter Lombard, and sacraments, 292
Petersburg, plan, 101 n.; artificiality, 193
Petrie, W. M. Flinders, error on Egyptian chronology, 427 n.
Petrus Peregrinus, as scientist, 300; and technique, 502
Phallic cults, 283, 286
Pharaoh, religious position, 279 n.; and world-power, 373
Pharisees, tendency, 211
Pherecydes, as dogmatist, 282
Philip of Macedon, politics, 407
Philip II of Spain, and absolutism, 388
Philip IV of Spain, and world-power, 388
Philippi, battle, and Cæsarism, 423
Philistines, migration, 164
Philistinism, and Rationalism, 307
Philo, and Christianity, 229; dualism, 234
Philology, Arabian, and research, 191. _See also_ Language
Philosophy, Buddhism and Indian, 49; Western Culture and Classical, 57; systematic, and untruth, 137 n.; Jesus and metaphysics, 216, 217, 473 n.; Western swing, 306; and economics, 473. _See also_ Ethics; Religion
Phocas, power, 427
Phœnicians, economic rôle, 481 n.
Physical geography. _See_ Landscape
Physiognomy, and race, 117. _See also_ Destiny
Pi-Yung, as symbol, 287; and Shi-King, 352; change, 357
Picture, and expression-language, 116; as sign of language, letter, 134
Piedras Negras, and Mexican Culture, 45
Pietism, cultural manifestations, 308
Pilate, and Jesus, fact and faith, 216, 473 n.
Pindar, and being, 272; and religion, 282
Pisistratus, and oligarchy, 382; and peasantry, 386
Piso, conspiracy, 434
Pistis-Sophia, 213 n.
Pitt, William, and French Revolution, 412
Pittacus, laws, 64
Plant, essential character, cosmic, 3, 4; being, 7; and race, 115; effect of transplanting, 130; economic life, 473; and technique, 499
Plantagenets, early, 182 n.
Plato, “ideas,” 58; and polis, 173 n.; and commentary, 247 n.; and Orphism, 282; cult, 314; theory and Syracuse, 454
Play, cosmic, and microcosmic sport, 103. _See also_ Sport
Plebs, political rise and status, 349, 357, 408; and political nobility, 409-411; and populus, 451 n.
Pliny, on depopulation, 106
Plotinus, Scholasticism, 229; ecstasy, 242
Pneuma, as Arabian principle, 57; and law of creed-communities, 68; as truth, 242. _See also_ Dualism
Poetry, Arabian Minne, 198. _See also_ Literature
Polis, as Classical nation, 173; and nobility, oligarchy, 355, 381; official tenure and choice, 380, 383; synœcism and aristocracy, 381, 382; _civitas_ and _hostis_, 384; normal war, 385; Tyrannis and non-estate against estates, 386; and democracy, 387; burgher and peasant, 396; destruction as idea, 405; and subjugated territory, 407; and Imperialism, 423; and Classical finance, 494. _See also_ Politics
Politics, and race, 116; and intercourse by writing, 153; and social ethics, 273; English, and predestination, 304; State and family, 329, 336; estates as term, 329 n.; “in form” estates, 330, 331; as war, 330, 366, 440, 474; estates and history of Cultures, 331; estates and residue classes, 331-334; Third Estate and non-estate, interrelation, 334; nobility and priesthood, symbolic significance, 335, 339, 340; great families, basis of dynastic principle, 336; priesthood as opposite, 337; big individuals and tradition, 338; as life, dependence on nobility, 339, 440; moral, 341; custom-ethic and honour, 342, 343; relation to economics, power and booty, 344, 345, 474-476; State and historical stream, 361; nations defined, primary estates and State, 362, 366; and care and opposition, war as creator of State, 362; State as inward connection, custom-ethic and law, 363; orders of internal law, 363; power and law, internal and external, 363-366; barrack-state, 366 n.; State control of external position, paramountcy, 367; State and nobility as cognate, 367; alienship of other estates, 368; factual control and truths, 368; importance of leadership, subjects and objects, 368, 369, 441, 456; estate rule and minority within class, 369, 370; interregnum between feudalism and State, 375; rise of State idea, 376; individual ruler, inherited will and dynasty-idea, 376-378; Classical oligarchy, 380; rise of nation-idea, 385; estates against monarchy and non-estate, 385-387; non-estate as opposite estate, 387; Chinese and Egyptian absolutism, 387; Western Fronde, 388-391, 404; Western absolutist period, cabinet-politics, 391-394, 400; Classical oligarchic-democratic-alternative period, 394-398; of Civilization, non-estate as independent force, 400-402; Rationalism and money as forces, opposition and dependence, 400-401, 455, 456; Third Estate in England, 402, 403; rational-money, class dictatorship, anti-form, 403, 404; character of Second Tyrannis, 405-408; army as power, 406; polis and conquered territory, 407; Roman State of this period, 408-411; doctrinaire Parliamentarism, 412-415; its decay, 415, 416; Fronde period in Arabian Culture, 423; Third Estate and revolution in Arabian Culture, 424; pre-Civilization relics and future Western, 430; theory and reality, 439; personal, 441; popular talent and leadership, 441; men and measures, 441 n.; conscienceless “doing,” 442; seasonableness, command of means, 443, 446; exemplariness in doing, 443; tact of command, 444; tradition of command, 444; art of the possible, 445; opportuneness, 446; foreign and domestic, 447; early cultural, factions, 448; urban, and parties, 448, party and estates, 449-451; displacement of party by private, machine, 452, 454, 464; place and influence of theory, 453-455; Roman demagogy, elections and courts, 457-460; Western demagogy, press, 460-463; battle between democracy and Cæsarism, 463, 464; hero-death, 471; and religion, 473 n.; and financial credit, 491 n. _See also_ Cæsarism; Church and State; Dynastic idea; Estates; Feudalism; Foreign relations; History; Polis; Sex
Polybius, on sterility, 104; on Flaminius, 411
Polycrates, and finance, 383; economics and politics, 475
Pompey the Great, adventurer, 19; principate and monarchy, 50; and Rome, 383; Triumvirate and Cæsarism, 413; at Lucca, 446; demagogy, 458, 459
Pompey, Sextus, and Cæsarism, 428 n.
Pompon, François, technique, 128 n. {sic}
Population, megalopolitanism and sterility, 103-105; machine and increase, 502
Porcelain, Chinese invention, 501 n.
Porphyry, and Greek Church, 176; Scholasticism, 229; ecstasy, 242; community of elect, 243; on divine elements, 252
Poitiers, importance of Saracen defeat, 192
Portraiture, physiognomic studies, 126 n.
Portugal, separation from Spain, 390
Possession, concept, 480; and fortune, 483; Classical land and money, 487
Poverty, Western learning and vow, 346. _See also_ Monasticism
Power and booty, 344, 345, 347, 371, 372, 474
Prætors, urban, 374; beginning, 382
Precedent, lack in Roman law, 62; in Arabian law, 72
Predestination, and English politics, 304. _See also_ Will
Premonstratensians, as rural, 92
Press, and free opinion, 405; and spatial infinity, 413; as political means, 447; power in Western demagogy, 460; and gunpowder and war, 460; expulsion of book by newspaper, 461; dictum as public truth, 461; education as instrument of power, 462; syndication, as army, 462; censorship of silence, 463
Pre-Socratics, asceticism, 283
Pretinax, edict on untended land, 106
Priene, plan, 100
Priesthood, primary class, 97; beginning as estate, and nobility, 280; and time mythology, 286; Western and contrition-concept, 294, 294 n., 298; relation to other estates, 334, 335; symbolic significance, waking-being, causality, 335-338, 340; relation to family and dynasty, 337; as ornament, idea and person, 337, 338; and life, 339; as result of shaping, 340; and heredity, 341; moral, 341; and property, 344; and learning, style influence, 345-347, 478; common cultural estate, 350; cultural styles, 352; conflict with nobility, 352-354; city movement, effect, 355, 356; Western law-making, 365; Classical, as city officials, 381
Priestley, Joseph, and Third Estate, 403 n.
Primitive man, Ice Age, 33, 34; and religion, 275. _See also_ Man; Peasantry
Principate, in Pseudomorphosis, 349; Sulla as heir, 423; Augustus’ dyarchy as nullity, 432
Printing, symbolism, 413; Chinese invention, 501 n. _See also_ Press
Priscus, Helvidius, death, 434
Private law, first systematic, 66; Western, and Roman law, 77, 79
Proclus, on Chaldean oracles, 245; as Syncretic Father, 252; biography, 252; and substance controversy, hymn, 257 n.
Procopius, on Narses expedition, 200
Proculiani, legal school, style, 67, 346
Profane, as concept, 345
Proper, and “alien” in sensation, 6
Property, Classical concept and Western law, 82; farmhouse as, 90; origin of idea, groundness, 343; power and booty, divergence, 344, 345, 347, 371, 372, 474; effect of money, 357; English law, 371. _See also_ Economics; Money; Roman law
Prophetic religions. _See_ Apocalyptic
Protestantism. _See_ Puritanism; Reformation
Provinces, and megalopolitanism, 98, 99
Prudentes, law-men, 71
Prussia, as Hohenzollern creation, 182; political rise, 392; origin of finance, 489. _See also_ Germany
Psalms, period, 249
Psellus, Michal Constantine, religiousness, 313
Pseudo-Clementines, romances, 237
Pseudomorphosis, Justinian, Christianity, and Corpus Juris, 74; as historical term, 189; of Arabian Culture, 189, 190; effect of Actium, 191; Charles Martel and Western avoidance, 192; Russia, 192; falsification of Arabian manifestations, 200; aspects of Syncretism, 201-204; Jewish rescue from, 210, 211; Catholic Church and Marcionism, 227; and substance controversy, 256-258; feudalism, 349; economics, 480 n. _See also_ Religion; Roman law; Syncretic Church
Psychology, of the crowd, 18; cultural basis, 271
Ptah of Memphis, and dogma, 281
Public opinion, rise, status, 400; and press, 405
Pulcheria, and dynasty, 379
Pumbeditha, academy, 71
Punctuation, as language gesture, 134
Punic Wars, economics in, 410; evolution of ruthlessness, 422
Purgatory of learning, 346 n.
Puritan Revolution, as Fronde, 389, 390
Puritanism, Islam as, 302-304; basis, common cultural manifestation, 302-305; and concepts, 303; Pythagoreans, 303; predestination and politics, 304; and Rationalism, 305; Jewish, 316; and Fronde and Tyrannis, 386 n.; and English Fronde, 389, 390
Pydna, battle, importance, 190, 409 n., 422
Pyramids, as cosmic, 92
Pyrrhonian skepsis, and Socrates, 309
Pythagoras, fictitious, 72 n.; and commentary, 247 n.; biography, 252
Pythagoreans, mysteries, 203; and cult, 282; Puritanism, 302, 303; missionarism, 305; style, 345; Sybaris, 394
Qaro, Joseph, as expositor, 321
Qaraites, Puritanism, rise, 255, 316
Quirinus Pater, god, 382
Quirites, origin of name, 382
Rabbi, law-man, 71
Race, false idea of people, 113, 165; and landscape, no migration, 113, 119, 129; defined, 113; and development of language, being and waking-being, 113, 114; sensation, 114; in plants, 115; and history and politics, 116; and totem, 116; not classification but physiognomic fact, 117, 130; American, 119; house as expression, 120-122; castle as expression, 122; superficial and divergent mechanistic conception, 124, 125, 129; hall-marks, inadequacy of skeletonic determination, 124, 128-130, 175; chaotic “living” elements in determination, 126, 127; race-feeling as race-forming, 126; statistics and ancestry, 127; importance of movement-expression, 128; spiritual differences, 128; and sentences, 142; and writing, 151; and Culture-language, 153, 154; cosmic beat and race hatred, 165, 166, 318; and intellect, 166; absolutist State as expression, 400; Cæsarism and return to power, 431. _See also_ Being; Language; Nation; People; Politics
Radio, and light, 9 n.; as megalopolitan, 95 n.; and distance, 150 n.; and political tactics, 460
Rainald van Dassel, policy, 376
Rameses III, and sea-folks, 122, 164 n.; historyless, 432
Ramnes, tribe, 351, 382
Ranke, J. Johannes, on skull forms, 128, 129
Ranke, Leopold von, on history, 46
Raskol movement, 278
Rationalism, and Puritanism, 305; basis, cultural manifestations, 305, 308, 309; sage, 307; Mysticism and Pietism, 308; dynamic character of Western, 309; mock-religion, 310; fading-out, 310; rise in politics, 400; and money, 401, 402; in England, 403; and class dictatorship, 403, 404; and constitutions, 413; and effective political theory, 453, 454
Ravenna, Theoderich’s tomb, 89
Re cult, 279, 281; as Reformation, 296
Reading, defined, 149
Reason, content, 6; and understanding, 13
Reflection, and grammar, 141, 143
Reformation, as general cultural movement, 295-297; Western, as Gothic, 296; and Renaissance, background, 297; narrow circle of understanding, 298; and Devil-cult, 299; Calvin and world-politics, 299; relation to intellectual creation, 300; and oligarchy, 386 n.
Reger, Max, “playing” with music, 137
Reitzenstein, Richard, on Jesus as Mandæan, 214 n.
Religion, fear of the invisible, 8; as basis of science, 13; and causality, 14; and theoretical knowledge, 25; Arabian consensus, 59; Arabian cults and scripts, 73, 150, 227 n.; expression-language and communication-language, 116, 134; and language-linkage, 116; and knowledge, 136; names and religious thought, 139; and rigid language, 154, 155; Persian, 168; and Arabian nationality, 168, 174-178, 210, 242, 243, 253, 315, 317; Arabian, and research, 191; geographical cults of Classical, 200; Arabian fourth period, Mysticism and Scholasticism, 200, 250; Arabian henotheism, 201; Arabian dogmatic, 201; Arabian prophetic, Messianism, 204-207, 209; awakening of Arabian, 208, 249; second or apocalyptic period, 208, 212, 249; as lived metaphysics, 217; distinct Arabian domains, 228; Arabian dualism, spirit and soul, 233-236; inward unity of Arabian, 235, 248; Arabian Logos and light-sensation, 236, 237; Arabian time-concept, 238, 249; Arabian submission, Grace, 240; Arabian community of the elect, 242, 243, 253; Arabian sacred books and revelation, 243-246; infallible word and interpretation, secret revelation, 245-247; third Arabian period, religions of salvation, grand myths, 249; three directions of Arabian forms, 251-253; Arabian monasticism, 254; Arabian missionarism, 259; end of Arabian inner history, 261; and being and waking-being, fear and love, 265, 499; and light, 265; intellect and faith, 266, 269-271; cultural basis of fate, 267; theory and technique, myth and cult, 268, 271; God and soul, cultural basis of understanding of numina, 270; faith and life, 271, 443; works and moral, 271, 272; moral and negations on being, 272-274; and social ethics, 273; cultural basis of truth, 274; morphology of history, 275; primitive organic religiousness, 275, 276, 278; “pre”-periods of Cultures, 276-278; of Cultures and landscape, 278; beginning in Cultures, 279; cultural character and prime symbols, 279; Egyptian, 279, 281; beginning of priesthood estate, 280; peasant, 280; narrow circle of cultural understanding, 280, 282; obscurity of Classical beginning, 281-283; outline of Classical beginning, 283, 284, 290 n.; Classical unity, Greek and Roman cults, 284, 285; later Classical, 285; Chinese beginning, 285-287; Chinese tao, 287; newness of Western, depth-experience as symbol, 288, 294 n.; reformation as general cultural movement, 295-297; and Western practical mechanics, 300-302; Puritanism, 302-305, 316; Rationalism, 305-308; Pietism, 308; cultural basis of mechanistic conception, 308, 309; Rationalism and myth fads, 310; second religiousness, 310-314; historyless fellah, 314; phase in anti-Semitism, 321, 322; phase of Fronde and Tyrannis, 386; and church, 443 n.; and economics, 473; and technique, 502. _See also_ Causality; Christianity; Church and State; Death; Jews; Philosophy; Priesthood; Pseudomorphosis; Puritanism; Reformation; Sacred books; Soul; Spirit; Creeds and sects by name
Renaissance, history-picture, 28 n.; relation to Classical Culture, 58; style as urban, 93, 297; and Italian nationalism, 182; as Gothic, 291; and personality, 293; and Reformation, 297
Republic, Western, as negation, 413. _See also_ Democracy; Parliamentarism
Resaina, school, 200
Resh-Galutha, 72; position, 177, 208, 210
Resurrection, as Arabian principle, 59; effect on Christianity, 218
Retz, Cardinal de, Fronde, 390
Retzius, Anders A., and skull-forms, 128
Revelation, Arabian concept, 243-246; secret, 246
Revolution, period, 387; Classical occurrence, 394, 405; French, as unique manifestation, 411; Parliamentarism as continuance, 415; Arabian period, 424. _See also_ Democracy; Politics
Rhegium, democratic triumph, 396
Rhodes, Cecil, actuality of leadership, 369; significance, 435; money and power, 459, 473, 475
Rhodes, plan, 100; siege, 421
Rhodesia, oval house, 122
Richard I of England, imperial vassal, 374
Richelieu, Cardinal de, power, 389, 390
Robert the Devil, and finance, 372
Robespierre, Maximilian, adventurer, 19; State-machine, 404, 405; as mass-leader, 448 n.
Rodbertus, Johann K., and class dictatorship, 404
Roe, Sir Thomas, Turkish mission, 43 n.
Roger II of Sicily, finance, 489
Roman Catholic Church, Classical survivals in popular, 110; and style of Western learning, 346; changed basis of politics, 451 n. _See also_ Christianity; Papacy
Roman law, basis in Classical world, _persona_ and _res_, 60; and divine law, 60; as product of practical experience, no legal class, 61; and Greek law, _jus civile_ and _jus gentium_, city law, 61, 62; lack of precedent, English contrast, 62, 63; “collection” not “system,” 63; lack of early stratification, 64; codes as party politics, 64; _jus gentium_ as imperial, 66; Hadrian’s edict and petrification, 66; development of jurisprudence, 66; period of maturity, 66; lack of basic ideas, 67; schools, 67; law of bodies, statics, 67; and Arabian juridical person, 67, 68, 174, 177; and Arabian creed-communities, emperor-worship, 68, 69; Constantine and orthodox Christian law, 69, 70; position of Arabian-Latin law, 70-72; divine origin and Arabian written law, precedent and consensus, 72-74; framing and position of Corpus Juris, religious creation, 74; independent development of Western law-history, 75; development of Norman-English law, 75, 76, 78; Germanic law in Southern Europe, 76; Maximilian’s code, 76; character in Germany and Spain, 76, 77; Corpus Juris Canonici, 77; Western conflict of _fas_ and _jus_, 78; effect on Western culture, book and life, 78-80; Classical bodies and Western functions, 80-82; Western emancipation as future task, 83, 491, 505; and established church, 177 n.; and family, 330; Western estates and, 365
Romanesque, soul, 180
Romanos, power, 426
Romans, origin of name, 382
Romanticism, and world-literature, 108; and idea of people, 113; and apocalyptic, 236, 237, 250
Rome, collapse of empire, 42; historyful and historyless, 50; as capital city, 95; as provincial city, 99; Classical block-tenements, 101; suburbs of modern city, 101 n.; decay of city, 107; city as Etruscan, 164; people of city, 166; political character, 173, 174; reason for rise, cultural necessity, 185, 422; cults and Greek cults, 284; family history, 336; first settlements and tribes, 351, 382; Plebs as Third Estate, 357, 408; _vis-à-vis_ Carthage, 368; early oligarchy, 375; aristocratic control, attitude toward residue, 375, 382; empire as polis, 383; polis and citizenship, 383, 384; fifth-century relations, 394-398; status of Tribunate, 395, 415 n.; Senate and Tribunate, opposition as “form,” 397; period of military control, 407; and border states, 407; control by political nobility, Senate as engine, 409-411; money in politics, demagogy, 410, 411, 457-459; evolution and completion of Cæsarism, 422, 423, 430, 432-434; political factions and parties, 450; courts and politics, 459; finance, 487, 494, 495
Roosevelt, Theodore, on race suicide, 106
Rossbach, battle, importance, 182
Rothschilds, founding of fortune, 402 n.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Rationalism, 307; and class dictatorship, 404; end of influence, 454
Ruach, connotation, 234
Rubens, Peter Paul, “tigress” expression, 128 n.
Ruma clan, 382
Rumina, goddess, 382
Russian Culture, pseudomorphosis, and Western Culture, 192-194; and towns, 194; Dostoyevski and Tolstoi as types, 194-196; position of Bolshevism, 195; regular and secular clergy, 254; pre-cultural religiousness, 278; soul-character, 295 n.; unreal classes, 335 n.; mir, 348; and money, 495 n.; present Christianity, 495 n.; culture and machine, 504 n.
Russo-Japanese War, and military art, 421
Saba, ignored history, 190; feudalism, 196-198; geography, 196 n.; religion, 209, 253; chronology, 239
Sabazius, cult, 201
Sabbath, Chaldean and Jewish, 207
Sabiniani, legal school, style, 67, 346
_Sachsenspiegel_, 64, 76
Sacraments, Pagan, 203; Western concept, and free will, 293; effect of Reformation, 298. _See also_ Contrition
Sacred books, Arabian nation, revelation, 243-246; cultural attitude, 244 n.; infallibility, interpretation, secret revelation, 245-247; allegorical exegesis, 247; commentary and authoritative chain, 249, 250. _See also_ Bible
Sadducees, tendency, 211
Sage, as ideal, 307
Sahara, extension, 39 n.
Saint-Simon, Comte de, and class dictatorship, 404
Saint-Simon, Duc de, on nobility and nation, 172; on new nobility, 357 n.
Salisbury, Marquess of, and family, 393
Salman, trial, 317
Samarra, plan, 100; area, 101 n.; abandoned, 107
Samuel, lord of Al Alblaq, 198
San Gimigniano, fortified towers, 355 n.
Sankhara, Neo-Brahmanism, 315
Sapor I, and Mazdaism, 251
Saracens, Charles Martel’s victory, 192. _See also_ Islam
Saragossa, General Privilege, 373
Sarapion, anchorite, 254
Sards, as name, 164
Sargon, contemporaries, 39
Sassanids, study neglected, 38, 190; feudalism, 196-198, 423; Mazdaic State religion, 253; nobility and priesthood, 353; as model for Byzantine ceremonial, 378 n.
Savelli, and Papacy, 354
Saviour, as title, 219 n.
Savonarola, Girolamo, and Renaissance, 291; and reform, urbanism, 296, 297
Saxony, dynastic influence, 182
Scævola, Q. Mucius, private-law, 66
Scent, man’s relation, 7, 115. _See also_ Sense
Schadow, Johann Gottfried, art, 118
Schiele, Friedrich M., on Sadducees and Essenes, 211 n.
Schinkel, Hans F., art, 118
Scholasticism, Arabian and Pseudomorphic, 71, 200, 228, 229, 250; of Rationalism, 305-308; intellectual discipline, 463
Schuda, legends, 250
_Schwabenspiegel_, 76
Science. _See_ Intelligence, Natural science
Scipio, P. Cornelius (Africanus Major), and border States, 408; and Cato, 411; and Imperialism, 422; and political organization, 452
Scipio, P Cornelius (Africanus Minor), murder, 423; and Imperialism, 430; and political organization, 452
Scots, and divine-given torments, 299 n.
Script. _See_ Writing
Sea-folk, and Egypt, 107, 122, 129, 164
Second religiousness, in Mexican Culture, 45 n.; period and character, 310; Syncretism, 311-313; emperor-cult and fixed organizations, 314; and Cæsarism, 386 n.; Western, 455
Seibal, and Mexican Culture, 44
Seleucid Empire, as Arabian, 190; era, 239
Senate, Roman, and Tribunate, 397, 398; and political nobility, 409; Augustus’ dyarchy as nullity, 432; and courts, 460; economics and politics, 475
Senatus Populusque Romanus, as Senate and Tribunate, 398; formal restoration, 433
Seneca, L. Annæus, religiousness, 313
Sensation-content, 6
Sense, as microcosmic organ, and understanding, 5, 69; human and animal, 114, 115; and relation of microcosm to macrocosm, 499. _See also_ Sight
Sentence, origin, and word, 141; and race, 142; verbs, 143. _See also_ Language
Sentinum, battle, importance, 422
Sepoy Mutiny, cultural basis, 321 n.
Septimus Severus, historyless, 432
Serapis-cult, origin, 310
Sertorius, Quintus, and Cæsarism, 428 n.
Sesostris I, absolutism, 387
Sesostris III, absolutism, 387
Sethe, Kurt, on Egyptian script, 108 n.
Seuse, Heinrich, on Mysticism, 292
Sex, cosmic organ, 5; Civilization and sterility, 103-105; “versehen,” 126; conception as sin, 272; and Classical cults, 283; orgiasm and asceticism, 283; elements of duality, war, 327, 328; and “form,” 331; and State, 362. _See also_ Being; Family; Monasticism
Sforza, Catherine, heroism, 328
Shak-el-Arab, Mandæanism, 214 n.
Shamir Juharish, feudalism, 196
Shan-Kur {sic} Period, 416
Shang dynasty, mythology, 286, 379 n.
Shantung, Manichæans, Nestorians, and Islam, 260, 261
Shaping, and training, 331, 340
Shaw, George Bernard, on free woman, 105; Undershaft as type, 475 n.; on money and life, 484
Sheridan, Richard B. B., and French Revolution, 412
Shi, as title, 41, 418
Shi-hwang-ti, and second religiousness, 310; and Chinese history, 434
Shi-King, as religious source, 286; love songs, 352
Shia, and Chaldean, 176
Shiites, Logos-idea, 236 n.; beginning, 424
Shirazi, philosophy, 321
Shneor Zalman ben Baruch. _See_ Salman
Shu-Ching, as religious source, 286
Shuiski, Vassili, period, 192
Sibylline books, character of Classical, 244 n.
Sicily, Norman state, 372, 489; democratic triumph, 396; and Maniakes, 427 n.
Siculi, as name, 164
Siena, fortified towers, 355
Sight, as supreme sense, 6; bodily and mental, 7; and waking-being, 7; lordship in man, 7-9; invisible and fear, 8; and race, 114, 128; and words, 140; and verbs, 143; Arabian light-sensation, “cavern” and Logos, 233, 236, 237; light and religion, 265. _See also_ Sense
Sign, and language, 134; and script, 149
Signorelli, Luca, frescoes and the Devil, 292 n.
Simplicius, and commentary, 247
Sinuhet, biography, 387
Skeleton, and race, 124, 128-130, 175; and landscape, 130
Skleros, power, 427
Skoptsi, as manifestation, 278
Skull. _See_ Skeleton
Slavery, Roman freedmen and citizenship, 166 n.; Classical and money, end, 349 n., 480, 488, 496; Irak rebellion, 426; attitude of Plebs, 451 n.; technique, 479 n., 503; Western status, 488 n.
Sleep, as vegetable, 7
Smith, Adam, relation to property, 345; and Hume, 403; and economic thought, 469; theory of value, 491
Smith, Elliot, ethnological research, 129
Smiths, guild and tribe, 479
Socialism, money and movement, 402; effect on Capitalism, 454, 464 n., 506 n.; and Cæsarism, 506. _See also_ Marx
Society, origin, 343
Sociology, Jesus’ indifference, 217
Socrates, Rationalism, 307; as spiritual heir and ancestry, 309
Sohm, Rudolf, on German jurisprudence, 80
Sol Invictus, cult, 201; and Syncretism, 253
Solomon, fictitious, 72 n.; Psalms, 213 n.
Solon, Egyptian influence, 62 n.; character of law, 63-65; and impiety, 282; economics and politics, 475
Sombart, Werner, on book-keeping, 490
Sophists, and Socrates, 309; and Chinese Cæsarism, 418
Sorel, Albert, and French Revolution, 399 n.
Soul, cultural and intercultural forms, 56; cultural significance, 59; of town, 90; and language, 137; and people, 165; and spirit in Arabian dualism, indwelling, 234-236; Western and Russian, 295 n. _See_ Religion; Spirit; Will
Sound, as sign of language, word, 134
Space, extension and waking-being, 7; and truths, 12; Arabian concept, 233; and time and religion, 265. _See also_ Time
Spain, physical changes, 39 n.; and Roman law, 77; Jewish Culture, 316; period of absolutism, 388; Fronde conflict, 390; origins of accountancy, 489
Sparta, helots, 332, 349, 357; _vis-à-vis_ Athens, 368; royal succession, 380; oligarchic-democratic struggle, 396, 397
Spartacus, and Cæsarism, 428 n.
Spartiates, as feudal, 375
Speaking, and language, 117, 125
Speculators, as cultural phenomenon, 484
Spence, Lewis, on Mexican chronology, 44 n.
Spener, Philipp J., Pietism, 308
Spenta Mainyu, Persian Holy Spirit, 244
Sphærus, influence, 454 n.
Spinden, Herbert J., researches in Mexican Culture, 44 n.
Spinoza, Baruch, Gnosis, 228; Arabian metaphysic, 241, 321; on contemplation, 242; expulsion, 317
Spirit, Arabian pneuma, 57; and soul in Arabian dualism, indwelling, 234-236. _See also_ Body; Religion; Soul; Waking-being
Sport, and Civilization, 103
Stanley, Arthur P., on Islam and Christianity, 304 n.
State. _See_ Politics
States-General, calling, 373; overthrow, 388
Statics, Roman law, 67
Steam-engine, effect, 502
Stein, Lorenz von, on money, 485
Stenography, character, 152
Sterility, and Civilization, 103-105
Stoicism, and jurisprudence, 62; Rationalism, 307; Pietism, 308; and second religiousness, 312; style of school, 345; improvidence, 372; and Cæsarism, ideologues and conspiracy, 433, 434; political influence, 454
Streets, cultural attitude, 94
Stuarts, and Roman law, 365 n.; and dynasty, 388, 389
Studion, monk-state, 314
Style, Western, external effects, 46; intercultural, 87-89; as urban, 92; and Civilization, 108, 109; rigid and living, surface mixture, 123; priesthood and, of learning, 345
Su-tsin, career, 417; character, 419
Subjects and objects, 369; in politics, 441; in economics, 479, 493
Submission, as Arabian concept, 240
Substance, Arabian religious concept, 244; controversy and Christian split, 255-258. _See also_ Trinity
Succession Wars, character, 392
Sudra, as caste, 332; and tribes, 348
Sufism, and Chaldean, 176; Gnosis, 228; and contemplation, 242; Pietism, 308; and Jewish Mysticism, 321. _See also_ Islam; Mysticism
Sulla, L. Cornelius, and princeps, 423; and demagogy, 458; and courts, 460
Sultanate, rise over caliphate, 425, 426
Sumer, and Arabian Culture, 189 n.
Sun-tse, on war, 417 n., 419 n.; character, 419 n.; anecdote, 420 n.
Sura, academy, 71, 200
Swedenborg, Emanuel, Pietism, 308; and Yesirah, 316
Sybaris, destruction, 303, 394
Symbolism, farmhouse, 90; peacock, 236; cultural religious prime symbols, 279, 287, 288; colour, 289; clock, 300 n.; Wandering Jew, 317; printing, 413; Classical coin, 486
Syncretic Church, and emperor-worship, 68; as name, 68 n.; cults and “Greeks,” 176; Arabian churches in Classical style, 201; reversal, Classical cults as Eastern Church, 102; Paganism and Christianity, sacraments and other elements, 203, 204; Jewish rescue, from, 210; Jesus sects, 220 n.; development, parallelism, 252; State religion, 253; monasticism, 254; westward expansion, 255; missionarism, 259; end of theology, 261. _See also_ Pseudomorphosis; Religion
Syncretism, in second religiousness, 311-313. _See also_ preceding title
Synesius, as Neo-Platonist, 252
Synod of a Hundred Chapters, 278
Synod of Antichrist, 278
Synœcism, Classical, 173, 355, 381, 382; Roman, 383
Syntax, and grammar, 142; period, 145
Syracuse, as provincial city, 99; as megalopolis, 382 n.; democratic triumph, 396; colonization, 405; class proscriptions, 405, 406 n.; siege, 421; and Plato’s theory, 454
Syrian Law-book, importance, 64, 70
Sze-ma-tsien, on Contending States, 417; as compiler, 418 n.; biographies, 454 n.
Taboo, relation to waking-being and language, 116, 154; dependence on totem, 117, 265; in art, 118; and cathedral, 122; and script, 151; space-fear, 265; and technique, 268, 271; moral, and negations, 272, 342. _See also_ Totem
Tacitus, Cornelius, on Decemvirs’ code, 65; philosophical confusion, 238; and polis, 383; on Musonius Rufus, 430; and Cæsarism, 434 n.
Tai-dsung, and Islam, 261
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles de, as politician, 446
Talmud, as creed law, 69; and Chaldean, 176; development, influences, 208, 209
Tammany Hall, as type, 452 n.
Tannaim, class, 71
Tanvasar, and new Avesta, 250, 251
Taoism, and Pacifism, 185; principle, 287; alteration in concept, 307; expansion, 308; Syncretism, 312, 315; of Han period, 314; and priesthood, 352; and Cæsarism, 434 n.
Tarquins, fall, 65
Tarragona, Jewish city, 316
Tartars, Russian release, 192
Taxes, purpose, 475 n.
Tchun-tsin-fan-lu, 454 n.
Technique, and truth, 144 n.; and theory in religion, 268, 271; and Classical city-religions, 285; and Western science, 300, 302; and Rationalism, 306; development of military, 420-422; influence on Western economic thought, 469; machines and Western slavery, 488 n.; and plant, 499; of animal movement, involuntary, 499; conscious-knowing, 499; tyrannical theory, 500; development out of nature, 500; under Classical Culture, 500; Western passion, Gothic, 501; effect of steam-engine, 502; religious origin, and Devil, 502, 504, 504 n., 505; Western and infinity, conquest of nature, 503, 504; machine-industry as master of Western Civilization, 504; its agents, 504; machine-industry as Western bourgeois, 504 n.; other cultures and machine, 504 n.; engineer as priest, 505; struggle with money, 505
Telemachus, and dynasty, 380
Telescope, Chinese invention, 501 n.
Tell-el-Amarna letters, 166
Ten Thousand, as polis, 160 n.
Tenochtitlan, destruction, 44; founding, character, 45, 99
Tension, and beat, 4; and waking-being, 7; and Civilization and intelligence, 102. _See also_ Waking-being
Tertullian, Montanist, 227; and Western Church, 229; period, 250
Teutoburger Wald, Varus’ defeat, 48 n.
Teutonic Knights, finance, 489
Tezcuco, as world-city, 99
Thebes, as Egypt, 95; as world-city, 99; rise of dynasty, 428
Themis, and Dike, 376, 378
Theocritus, “playing” with expression, 137
Theoderich, tomb, 89
Theodore of Studion, and Leo V, 425; as party leader, 449
Theognis, and _carpe diem_, 383
Theory, development, dominance, 10, 500; and technique in religion, 268, 271; cultural attitude toward scientific, 301; correctness and technical value, 500 n.
Thing, legal Classical notion, 60
Third Estate. _See_ Democracy
Thirty Years’ War, as consequence, 181; political aspect, 388, 391; Wallenstein’s idea and fall, 389
Thomas, Saint, Gospel, 213 n.; Acts, romances, 236, 251 n.
Thomas Aquinas, philosophy, 172 n.; and Devil-cult, 291; and sacraments, 293
Thought, defined, development of theoretical, 10; and life, facts and truths, 11-13; compulsion, 12; causality-men, place in life, 16-19. _See also_ Waking-being
Thucydides, ahistoric, 24
Thurii, plan, 100
Tiberius, as historyful, 171; economics and politics, 432, 475
Tikal, and Mexican Culture, 44
Tilly, Count of, and Wallenstein, 389
Time, and facts, 12; and dynastic-idea, 179; Arabian concept, ordained period, 238-240, 249; and space and religion, 265; and truth, 271; mythology, 286. _See also_ Being; Destiny; History; Space
Tiresias, and Classical religious beginnings, 282, 350
Tities, tribe, 351, 382
Tobit, as Arabian, 208
Togrulbek, power, 427
Toledo, Jewish city, 316
Toleration, Classical and Arabian attitude, 203
Tolstoi, Leo, Western soul, 194-196; conception of Jesus, 218
Topinard, Paul, race classification, 125
Totem, relation to being and race, 116; in art, 118; and dwelling-house, 121; and castle, 122; in language, 154; time-fear and taboo, 265; moral, 342. _See also_ Taboo
Touch, as primary sense, 6. _See also_ Sense
Tournament, as manifestation of nobility, 352
Tours, importance of Saracen defeat, 192
Town, and Culture, 90; soul, 90; relation to country, 91; cultural type, 91; and market, 91, 480; and style, 92; “visage” as cultural, 93; relation to landscape, 94; city history as world-history, 95, 96; domination of capital city, cultural basis, 95, 381; and intellect, 96; great and little, spiritual distinction, 97; and monetary idea, and dictatorship, 97, 98; Civilization and overflow, 100; and writing, 152; script speech, 155; and nations, 171; Russia and, 194; and Renaissance-Reformation movement, 297; and science, 300; and Puritanism, 302; and Rationalism, 305; consciousness and personal freedom, 354, 356, 358; burgher estate, 355; movement of primary estates to, 355, 356; and State-idea, 377; relation of politics and economics, capitalism, 476, 477, 493; effect on trade, 481, 484. _See also_ Causality; Megalopolitanism; Polis; Politics
Trade, and politics, 474; as substitute for war, 474. _See also_ Economics
Tradition, place in cultural history, 338; prevision law, 363; of political leadership, 444
Training, and shaping, 331, 340
Trajan, historyless, 432
Tramilæ, as name, 164
Transubstantiation, new English controversy, 309 n.
Trdat of Armenia, State and Church, 253
Trebatius Testa, C., and Cicero, 458 n.
Tree of Knowledge, and cross, 180 n.
Tribes, Arabian pre-cultural associations, solution, 173, 176; as names for priesthoods, 175; occupational, 348, 479
Tribonian, as jurist, 73
Tribunate, and Plebs, 357; beginning, status, as lawful Tyrannis, 394-398, 433; consular, 397; and Senate, survival, 397, 398, 433; blind incident, 415 n.; Marius as heir, 423; and party, 451
Trinity, and Arabian pneuma, 68, 244. _See also_ Logos; Substance
Triumvirates, and border States, 408; and Cæsarism, 423; first, 454
Troeltsch, Ernst, on Augustine as Classical, 241 n.
Trojan War, as beginning of history, 27; feud or crusade, 282
Troubadours, Arabian, 198; relation to Renaissance, 297
Truth, and facts, 11, 12, 47; cultural basis, 58; and speech, 137, 144; abstract and living, 147; Arabian pneuma, 242; Arabian sacred book, 243; experience, 268; and time, 271; and current of being, history, 274; and politics, 368; influence of press, 461. _See also_ Ethics; Faith
_Tshou-li_, on officialdom, 372
Tshun-tsin, period, 391
Tsi, in period of Contending States, 417
Tsin, imperialistic State, 38, 41; and Taoism, 185; and Tsu, 368; rise in period of Contending States, 416-419
Tsu, and Tsin, 368; in period of Contending States, 417, 418, 454
Tung Chung-Shu, on Middle Kingdom, 373 n.
Turfan manuscripts, 213 n., 252
Turgot, Anne R. J., overthrow, 411 n.
Turks, and Cæsarism, 426, 427
Tursha, as name, 164
Twelve Tables, character, 63, 65; importance, 65 n.; commentary, 66; class law, 365; significance, overthrow, 396
Tyche, and lot-choice of officials, 383
Tyrannis, first, preceding oligarchy, 375; fall of Tarquinian, 382; significance, 386; and Tribunate, struggle for lawful, 394-398; character of second, 405-408. _See also_ Politics
Ujjaina, as world-city, 99
Ulemas, law-men, 71
Ulpian, as jurist, 71
_Unam sanctam_ bull, 376
Understanding, and sensation, 6; language and emancipation, thought, 9, 10; and reason, 13; meaning, 133, 136; as causal, 266; and faith, 266, 269-271
United States. _See_ Americans
Ur, tombs, 35 n.
Uxmal, and Mexican Culture, 45; as world-city, 99
Valentinian III, Law of Citations, 73, 248
Valentinus, period, 250; and substance, 256
Value, early lack of concept, 480; money and value-in-itself, 482; theories as subjective, 482 n.; money and standard, 485 n.; irrelation of Classical land and money, 487; Classical attitude toward art, 487; Western concept of work, 491-493. _See also_ Economics
Varro, M. Terentius, era, 239
Varus, P. Quintilius, defeat, site, 48, 487
Vasari, Giorgio, and return to nature, 291
Vase-painting, Exekias, 135
Vasili Blazheny, style, 89
Vassalage, rise and significance, 349; change to money basis, 357. _See also_ Feudalism; Slavery
Vegetable. _See_ Plant
Venice, and money-outlook, 97 n.; small-scale traffic, 481 n.
Verbs, place in language development, 143
Vergennes, Comte de, as end of period, 398
Verres, Caius, wealth as object, 459
Vespasian, war on Judea, 210; and ideologues, 434
Vesta, and economics, 472
Village, and town, 91
Vindex, unimportance, 50
Virtue, change in concept, 307
Vladimir of Kiev, epic cycle, 192
Vohu Mano, as Word of God, 244
Voltaire, and Rationalism, 305
Vries, Hugo de, mutation theory, 32 n.
Waking-being, as microcosmic, and being, 7, 11, 13; visual thought, 7-9; language and thought, 9, 10, 114; life and thought, facts and truths, 11-13, 16; adjustment to macrocosm, 14, 24; and causality, 14; and problem of motion, death, 14-16; and intercultural history, 56; and money, 98; upward series of utterances, 116; and taboo, 117; willed activity, 133; and reflection, 141; cultural oppositions, 233; and religion, 265, 499; and priesthood, 335; and economics, 473; and sense, 499; ultimate fall, 507. _See also_ Being; Causality; Economics; Intelligence; Language; Microcosm; Religion; Space; Town
Wallenstein, Albrecht von, idea, power and fall, 389
Wandering Jew, symbolism, 317
Wang, as title, 379
Wang-Cheng, rule, 41, 418, 423
War, and politics and economics, 330, 366, 440, 474; and nobility, 351; as great creator, 362; as normal Classical condition, 385; character of Baroque, 392; Pe-Ki as general, 417 n.; Sun-tse as authority, 417 n., 419 n.; change in character under Civilization, 419-422; nineteenth-century substitute, 428; expected Western period, 429; as cultural necessity, 429, 434; relation to press, 460; and hunger, 471. _See also_ Army; Peace
Wartburg, cathedral art, 123
Washington, plan, 100 n.
Washington Conference, as prelude of war, 430
Wealth. _See_ Economics; Money
Wedgwood, Josiah, ware, 491
Wei-Yang, character, 419
Weill, Raymond, on Hyksos, 428 n.
Weininger, Otto, Arabian metaphysic, 322
Weissenberg, Samuel, on Jewish type, 175
Wellington, Duke of, rise, 406
Welser, city nobility, 356
Wenceslaus, as emperor, 376
Wesley, John, practical Pietism, 308
Westermann, Diedrich, language investigation, 140
Western Culture, as historic, 28; and human and universal history, 28; individuality in historical attunement, 29, 30; future historical achievement, 30, 46, 47, 55; landscape and outside effect, 46; transfer of Christianity to, 59, 235, 237, 258; independent legal development, 75, 76; Roman law in, 76-78; effect of Roman law, 78-83; and antique, 79; future jurisprudence, 80-83, 505; future cities, 101; present stage of Civilization, 109; and mother tongue, 120; and script, 150; and people, 169; nations under, dynastic-idea, 179-181, 378, 381; races, nations, and dynasties, 181-183; dynastic-idea and overthrow of monarchy, language-idea, 183; Charles Martel and avoidance of pseudomorphosis, 192; and Russia, 192; newness of religion, depth-experience as symbol, 288, 294 n.; Mary-cult and Devil-cult, 290-294; guilt and free-will, sacraments, 292, 293; contrition, 293-295; personality-concept, 293; Calvin-Loyola opposition and world-politics, 299; and practical mechanics, 300; dynamic character of Rationalism, 309; probable character of second religiousness, 311 n.; religion and style of learning, 346; style of nobility, genealogical principle, 350; style of priesthood, 352; relation of primary estates, 353; capital city, 381; reading and writing, 413; money as function, 489-493; capital and financial organization, 493, 494; future, 507. _See also_ Baroque; Cultures; Gothic; Politics; Technique
Westminster Confession, on Grace, 242
Westphalia, Peace of, effect on nobility, 391
Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von, on patriarchal kingdom, 380 n.
Will, Arabian attitude, submission, 235, 240; Arabian Grace, 241, 242; Western free-will and sacraments, 292, 293; Russian attitude, 295 n.
William I of England, and property, 371
William of Occam, will and reason, 241
Wilson, Woodrow, as tool, 475
Winchester, Eng., as royal residence, 92 n.
Winckler, Hugo, on post-exilic Jews, 205
Witchcraft, Western cult, 291; persecution, 302
Woman. _See_ Sex
Words, cult-colouring of prime, 116; as language sound, 134; as to origin, 137, 138; and names, 138-141; and modern gesture, 140 n.; and sentence, 141; acquisition, 142; vocabularies and grammar, 147; alien provenance, 148; and conscious technique, 499. _See also_ Language
Work, quantity and quality in Western concept of value, 491-493
Works, religious technique and moral, 272. _See also_ Faith
World-city. _See_ Megalopolitanism
World War, and passage to Cæsarism, 418; effect on universal military service, 429; and military art, 421; and Marxism, 455; guilt question, 461 n.; Allied press propaganda, 462 n., 463
Worms, Diet of, code, 76
Writing, cultural relation, 36, 146, 150; Arabian religions and scripts, 73, 150, 227 n.; Egyptian, 108; grammatical decomposition, 145, 146; technique of signs and thoughts, 146; and linguistic history, 147; and “present” training, 149; dependence on grammar, 149; and reading, 149; and extension and duration, 150; and historical endowment, 150; and colloquial language, 150; relation to race, as taboo, ornament, 151; city and utilitarian, standardization, 152, 155; stenography, 152; dependence of world history on, 153. _See also_ Language
Wu, State, annihilation, 422
Wu-ti, as ruler, 41
Wullenweber, Jürgen, economics and politics, 475
Wundt, Wilhelm M., an origin of language, 138
Wyclif, John, and reform, 296
Xenophon, and class dictatorship, 404
Yahweh cult, 201
Yang-Chu, materialism, 309
Yellow Turbans, insurrection, 314
Yeomanry, lack in England and United States, 449 n. _See also_ Peasantry
Yesirah, rational Mysticism, 316
Yiddish, character, 150 n.
Yorck von Wartenburg, Graf, and Napoleon, 406 n.
Zaddikism, 322
Zaleucus, laws, 64
Zama, battle, and Hellenism, 191, 422
Zarathustra, basis of religious reform, 168; Jewish contemporaries, 205. _See also_ Mazdaism; Zend Avesta
Zechariah, Persian influence, 208
Zend Avesta, commentary, 247; new, Mazdaism, 251
Zeno, and property, 344
Zimmern, Heinrich, on Jesus as Mandæan, 214 n.
Zionism, character, 210
Zoroaster. _See_ Zarathustra
Zrvanism, rise, 256
Zwingli, Ulrich, as Gothic, 296
[FOOTNOTES]
[1] In what follows I have drawn upon a metaphysical work that I hope shortly to be able to publish.
[2] For instance, Vol. I, p. 154.--_Tr._
[3] See Vol. I, p. 54.--_Tr._
[4] Even scientific astronomy, when applied to everyday work, states the movements of the heavenly bodies in terms referred to our perception of them.--_Tr._
[5] See Vol. I, p. 172.--_Tr._
[6] A very similar notion of the light-world diffused from the light-centre forms the cardinal point of the philosophy of Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln (1175-1273).--_Tr._
[7] The coming of radio broadcasting has in no way altered, but has rather confirmed, the validity of this. The listener either translates his aural impressions into those of the light-world or else yields even more readily than usual to the “illusion” here discussed.--_Tr._
[8] The original reads: “_An Stelle des völlig einheitlichen verstehenden Empfindens erscheint oft und öfter ein Verstehen der Bedeutung von kaum noch beachteten Sinneseindrücken._”--_Tr._
[9] Hence we call that which we observe in the faces of men who have not the habit of thought “animal”--admiringly or contemptuously as the case may be.
[10] See Vol. I, p. 126.--_Tr._
[11] See Vol. I, p. 102.--_Tr._
[12] Hence Bayle’s profound observation that the understanding is capable only of discovering errors.
[13] See Vol. I, p. 94.--_Tr._
[14] See Vol. I, pp. 53, et seq.--_Tr._
[15] Original: “_aus dem Erlebnis._”--_Tr._
[16] A.D. 553 (Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, ch. xliii).--_Tr._
[17] G. Le Bon’s _Psychologie des Foules_ (which has been translated into English under the title _The Crowd_) is the pioneer work on this subject, and though unduly coloured perhaps by the author’s personal prepossessions, still retains its interest and value.--_Tr._
[18] See Vol. I., pp. 139, et seq.--_Tr._
[19] Meaning here names, dates, numbers--the chronology in the usual extensive sense, and not the intensive or deep sense. See Vol. I, pp. 97, 153 (foot-note).--_Tr._
[20] He affirmed, on the first page of his history (about 400 B.C.), that before his time nothing of significance had happened (οὐ μεγάλα νομίζω γενέσθαι οὔτε κατὰ τοὺς πολέμους οὔτε ἐς τα ἄλλα. Thucydides, I, 1.)
[21] Original: “_Alles Bedeutende, nämlich das Einmalige der Geschichte._”--_Tr._
[22] I suppose the meaning of these words to be that generalization and flair are not really opposed, but interdependent.--_Tr._
[23] Original: _(“So geschieht dies stets ...) im Hinblick auf das_ im Augenblick geforderte _Bild als der beständigen Funktion der Zeit und des Menschen.”_--_Tr._
[24] Even at the level of the Trojan War the timeless mythological figures of gods and demigods are still involved, intimately and in detail, in the human story. See, on the whole question of the Greek attitude towards time and history, Vol. I, p. 9 and _passim_.--_Tr._
[25] See Chapter VIII below.--_Tr._
[26] Introduced in Rome in 522 during the Ostrogoth domination, not until Charlemagne’s times did it make headway in the Germanic lands. Then, however, its spread was rapid.
[27] See Vol. I, p. 19.--_Tr._
[28] On the other hand--and very significantly--the field of the history-picture livingly experienced in the consciousness of the sincere Renaissance classicist markedly contracted.
[29] See Vol. I, p. 16.--_Tr._
[30] The Emperor Henry VI reigned 1190-7.--_Tr._
[31] During his Italian sojourn of 1786-8 Goethe made up his mind to resign his political offices at Weimar, retaining merely a non-executive seat on the Council and definitely devoting himself to art and science. This resolution he carried into effect on his return to Weimar in 1788; _Tasso_ finally appeared in 1790.--_Tr._
[32] For the special sense in which the word “Civilization” is used throughout this work see Vol. I, p. 31. Briefly, the Civilization is the outcome of the Culture of which it is in one sense the final phase, but in another the distinct and unlike sequel.--_Tr._
[33] Christian Leopold von Buch, 1774-1853; Cuvier, 1769-1832.--_Tr._
[34] The first proof that the basic forms of plants and animals did not evolve, but were suddenly there, was given by H. de Vries in his _Mutation Theory_ (1886). In the language of Goethe, we see how the “impressed form” [See Vol. I, p. 157.--_Tr._] works itself out in the individual samples, but not how the die was cut for _the whole genus_.
[35] With this it becomes unnecessary to postulate vast periods of time for the original states of man, and we can regard the interval between the oldest man-type hitherto discovered and the beginning of the Egyptian Culture as a span, greater indeed, but certainly not unthinkably greater, than the 5,000 years of recognized cultural history.
[36] It is perhaps not unnecessary to remark that the word “epoch” is used throughout this book in its proper sense of “turning point” or “moment of change” and _not_ in the loose sense of “period” which it has acquired.--_Tr._
[37] _Und Afrika Sprach_ (1912); _Paideuma, Umrisse einer Kultur- und Seelenlehre_ (1920). Frobenius distinguishes three ages.
[38] This work appeared before the discovery of the Sumerian (or Pre-Sumerian) tombs of Ur.--_Tr._
[39] See Vol. I, p. 108.--_Tr._
[40] Goethe, in his little essay “_Geistesepochen_,” has characterized the four parts of a Culture--its preliminary, early, late, and civilized stages--with such a depth of insight that even to-day there is nothing to add. See the tables at the end of Vol. I, which agree with this exactly.
[41] Another blank is the history of the countryside or landscape (i.e., of the soil, with its plant-mantle and its weathering) in which man’s history has been staged for five thousand years. And yet man has so painfully wrested himself from the history of the landscape, and withal is so held to it still by myriad fibres, that without it life, soul, and thought are inconceivable.
So far as concerns the South-European field, from the end of the Ice Age, a hitherto rank luxuriance gradually gave place in the plant-world to poverty. In the course of the successive Egyptian, Classical, Arabian, and Western Cultures, a climatic change developed all around the Mediterranean, which resulted in the peasant’s being compelled to fight no longer _against_ the plant-world, but _for_ it--first against the primeval forest and then against the desert. In Hannibal’s time the Sahara lay very far indeed to the south of Carthage, but to-day it already penetrates to northern Spain and Italy. Where was it in the days of the pyramid-builders, who depicted sylvan and hunting scenes in their reliefs? When the Spaniards expelled the Moriscos, their countryside of woods and ploughland, already only artificially maintained, lost its character altogether, and the towns became oases in the waste. In the Roman period such a result could not have ensued.
[42] The new method of comparative morphology affords us a safe test of the datings which have been arrived at by other means for the beginnings of past Cultures. The same kind of argument which would prevent us, even in the absence of positive information, from dating Goethe’s birth more than a century earlier than the “_Urfaust_,” or supposing the career of Alexander the Great to have been that of an elderly man, enables us to demonstrate, from the individual characteristics of their political life and the spirit of their art, thought, and religion, that the Egyptian Culture dawned somewhere about 3000 and the Chinese about 1400. The calculations of French investigators and more recently of Borchardt (_Die Annalen und die zeitliche Festlegung des Alten Reiches_, 1919) are as unsound intrinsically as those of Chinese historians for the legendary Hsia and Shang dynasties. Equally, it is impossible that the Egyptian calendar should have been introduced in 4241 B.C. As in every chronology we have to allow that evolution has been accompanied by radical calendar changes, the attempt to fix the exact starting-date _a posteriori_ is objectless.
[43] Eduard Meyer (_Gesch. d. Altertums_, III, 97) estimates the Persians, probably too highly, at half a million as against the fifty millions of the Babylonian Empire. The numerical relation between the Germanic peoples and legions of the third-century Roman emperors and the Roman population as a whole, and that of the Ptolemaic and Roman armies to that of the Egyptian people, was of much the same order.
[H. Delbrück, in his well-known _Gesch. der Kriegskunst_ (1908), Vol. I, Part I, chapter i, and elsewhere, deals in considerable detail with the strengths of ancient armies.--_Tr._]
[44] A.D. 378. See C. W. C. Oman, _History of the Art of War: Middle Ages_ (1898), ch. i; H. Delbrück, _Gesch. der Kriegskunst_, Vol. II, book I, ch. x, and book II.--_Tr._
[45] In the case of Rome, the idea of a fixed frontier against the barbarian emerged soon after the defeat of Varus, and the fortifications of the Limes were laid down before the close of the first century of our era.--_Tr._
[46] For at that time imperialistic tendencies found expression even in India, in the Maurya and Sunga dynasty; these, however, could only be confused and ineffective, Indian nature being what it was.
[47] Chapters vii-ix below.
[48] On the history of the Avesta see _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., articles “Zend-Avesta” and “Zoroaster.”--_Tr._
[49] Sir Thomas Roe, 1620. A similar mission went to Turkey on the part of Frederick and the Bohemian nobles to ask for assistance and to justify to the Turk their action in deposing the Habsburg King. The answer they received was what might be expected of a great imperialist power asked to intervene in the affairs of lesser neighbours--namely, material guarantees of the reality of the movement it was asked to support and pledges that no settlement would be made without its agreement.--_Tr._
[50] Mexico City, or, better, the agglomeration of towns and villages in the valley of Mexico.--_Tr._
[51] According to Prescott, Cortez’s force on landing had thirteen hand firearms and fourteen cannon, great and small, altogether. The whole of these were lost in the first defeat at Mexico. Later a pure accident gave Cortez the contents of a supply-ship from Europe. In a military sense horses contributed to the Spanish victories nearly if not quite as much as firearms, but these, too, were in small numbers, sixteen at the outset.--_Tr._
[52] The following attempt is based upon the data of two American works--L. Spence, _The Civilization of Ancient Mexico_ (Cambridge, 1912); and H. J. Spinden, _Maya Art: Its Subject matter and Historical Development_ (Cambridge, 1913)--which independently of one another attempt to work out the chronology and which reach a certain measure of agreement.
[53] Since the publication of the German original, Spinden’s further researches (_Ancient Civilizations of Mexico_) have placed the historical zero date at 613 B.C. (and the cosmological zero of back-reckoning at 3373 B.C.). This historical zero seems to lie deep in the pre-Cultural period, if later events have the dates given in the text. But compare Author’s note on p. 39.--_Tr._
[54] These are the names of near-by villages serving as labels; the true names are lost.
[55] And was there an element of _panem et circenses_ in the mass-sacrifice of captives? May it be that the acceptance of the Spaniard as the expected manifestation of the god Quetzalcoatl (“_redeunt Saturnia regna_”), and the serious disputations on matters of religion that took place between Montezuma and the Christians, were presages of the phase which Spengler calls the “Second Religiousness” (see below, p. 310) of the Civilization?--_Tr._
[56] “_Zur Theorie und Methodik der Geschichte_” (_Kleine Schriften_, 1910), which is by far the best piece of historical philosophy ever written by an opponent of all philosophy.
[57] Varus’s disaster in the Teutoburger Wald.--_Tr._
[58] The Japanese belonged formerly to the Chinese Civilization and again belong to a Civilization--the Western--to-day. A Japanese Culture in the genuine sense there has never been. Japanese Americanism must, therefore, be judged otherwise than as an outgrowth of what never was there.
[59] _Cæsars Monarchie und das Principat des Pompejus_ (1918) pp. 501, et seq.
[60] I.e., that sensation consists in the absorption of small particles radiated by the object.--_Tr._
[61] See Ch. VIII below.--_Tr._
[62] See R. Hirzel, _Die Person_ (1914), p. 7.
[63] L. Wenger, _Das Recht der Griechen und Römer_ (1914), p. 170; R. v. Mayr, _Römische Rechtsgeschichte_, II, 1, p. 87.
[64] A curious sidelight on this appears in the provisions of the savage law against recalcitrant debtors, who (after certain delays and formalities) could be put to death and even hewn in pieces by their creditors, or--“sold as slaves beyond the Tiber.”--_Tr._
[65] A thirteenth-century collection by Eike von Repgow of German customs and customary law (ed. K. G. Homeyer, 1861).--_Tr._
[66] And were judged by a different authority, the peregrin prætor.--_Tr._
[67] The “dependence” of Classical law upon Egyptian is, as it chances, still traceable. Solon the wholesale merchant introduced into his Attic legislation provisions concerning debt-slavery, contract, work-shyness, and unemployment taken from Egypt. Diodorus, I, 77, 79, 94.
[68] The process is clearly explained in Goudy’s article “Roman Law,” _Ency. Brit._, XI ed. Very roughly, the prætor corresponded to the judge, and the judges to the jury, of modern English law, but such a parallel must not be pressed far.--_Tr._
[69] L. Wenger, _Recht der Griechen und Römer_, pp. 166, et seq.
[70] See _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol. XII, p. 502. Fragments of the older collection referred to were found in the vicinity.--_Tr._
[71] In English legal theory the judge does not _make law_ by a new decision, but _“declares” the law_--i.e., makes explicit what has been implicit in the law from the first, though the occasion for its manifestation has not hitherto arisen.--_Tr._
[72] See _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol XXVI, p. 315.--_Tr._
[73] See Beloch, _Griechische Geschichte_, I, 1, p. 350.
[74] The background of this is Etruscan law, the primitive form of the Roman. Rome was an Etruscan city.
[75] Busolt, _Griechische Staatskunde_, p. 528.
[76] Compare the famous ironical judgment of Mr. Justice Maule which led to the reform of the divorce laws in England (1857): “... It is true that the course which you should legally have taken would have cost you many hundreds of pounds, whereas probably you have not as many pence. _But the Law knows no distinction between rich and poor._”--_Tr._
[77] What is important to us, therefore, in the Law of the Twelve Tables is not the supposed contents (of which scarcely an authentic clause survived even in Cicero’s day), but the political act of codification itself, the tendency of which corresponded to that of the overthrow of the Tarquinian Tyrannis by senatorial Oligarchy--a success which, now endangered, it was sought to stabilize for the future. The text which schoolboys learned in detail in Cæsar’s time must have had the same destiny as the consular lists of the old time, in which had been interpolated names upon names of families whose wealth and influence was of much later origin. In recent years Pais and Lambert have disputed the whole story of the Twelve Tables, and so far as concerns the authenticity of the reputed text, they may well be right--not so, however, as regards the course of political events in the years about 450.
[78] Only half a century separates the traditional dates of these events (509, 451), in spite of the wealth of traditional history afterwards attached to the period. The “coup,” in the case of the Decemvirs, was the capture by the patricians of a machine set up for the redress of plebeian grievances.--_Tr._
[79] Cf. Ch. IV below.
[80] Sohm, _Institutionen_ (14) p. 101. [This is the edict of “Julian” (Salvius Julianus, urban prætor). Romanists are not agreed as to how far, if at all, it included material derived from the decisions of the peregrin prætor. See Professor Goudy’s article “Roman Law,” _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., p. 563.--_Tr._]
[81] Lenel, _Das Edictum perpetuum_ (1907); L. Wenger, p. 168.
[82] Even the multiplication table of the children assumes the elements of dynamics in counting.
[83] V. Mayr, II, 1, p. 85; Sohm, p. 105.
[84] _Enzyklopädie der Rechtswissensch._, I, 357.
[85] Egyptian law of the Hyksos period, and Chinese of the Period of Contending States, in contrast to the Classical and the Indian law of the Dharmasutras, must have been built up on basic ideas quite other than the idea of the corporeality of persons and things. It would be a grand emancipation from the load of Roman “antiquities” if German research were to succeed in establishing these.
[86] Sohm, p. 220.
[87] Acts XV. Herein lies the germ of the idea of a Church law.
[88] For Islam as a “juristic person” see M. Horten, _Die religiöse Gedankenwelt des Volkes im heutigen Islam_ (1917), p. xxiv.
[89] See Ch. VII below. We can venture to make the label so positive because the adherents of all the Late Classical cults were bound together in devout consensus, just as the primitive Christian communities were.
[90] The Persian Church came into the Classical field only in the Classical form of Mithraism, which was assimilable in the ensemble of Syncretism.
[91] It is difficult to describe this class in a few words. Roughly, they (and the “Junian Latins,” so called, who were excepted with them) represented a stratum of Roman society, largely composed of “undesirables,” which was only just not servile. In the older legislation they were necessarily lumped with the outer world as peregrins, but when Caracalla made this outer world “Roman,” there were obvious reasons against bringing these people into the fold as well. In somewhat the same way the word “outsider” is used in colloquial English with the dual meaning of a foreigner or non-member, and a socially undesirable person.--_Tr._
[92] In the Twelve Tables _connubium_ was disallowed even between the patrician and plebian citizens of Rome itself. [The hold of the patricians on this privilege, however, was already exceedingly precarious, and it vanished a few years later in the _lex Canuleia_.--_Tr._]
[93] Cf. Ch. VI below.
[94] Lenel, I, 380.
[95] Here, as in every line of the history of the “Pseudomorphosis,” we are reminded of Christ’s parable of new wine and old bottles (Matt. ix, 17), an expression not of mere abstract shrewdness, as it seems to us now, but of intense living force and even passion. It is only one short verse, not obligatory in its context, but leaping out of depths.--_Tr._
[96] As long ago as 1891 Mitteis (_Reichsrecht und Volksrecht_, p. 13) drew attention to the Oriental vein in Constantine’s legislation. Collinet (_Études historiques sur le droit de Justinien I_, 1912), chiefly on the basis of German researches, throws an immense amount back on Hellenistic law; but how much, after all, of this “Hellenistic” was really Greek and not merely written in Greek? The results of interpolation-research have proved truly devastating for the “Classical spirit” in Justinian’s Digests.
[97] See Ch. VII below.
[98] Coupled with the destruction of all other documents.
[99] Fromer, _Der Talmud_ (1920), p. 190. [The English student will find a fairly full account of the main groups of Jewish literature in the article “Hebrew Literature” and cognate articles in the _Ency. Brit._, XI ed.--_Tr._]
[100] Mitteis (_Röm. Privatrecht bis auf die Zeit Dioklezians_ (1908), preface) remarks how, “while the ancient law-forms were retained, the law itself nevertheless became something quite different.”
[101] Head of the exilic Jews under Persian overlordship.--_Tr._
[102] Mayr, IV, pp. 45, et seq.
[103] Hence the fictitious names of authors on innumerable books in every Arabian literature--Dionysius the Areopagite, Pythagoras, Hermes Trismegistus, Hippocrates, Enoch, Baruch, Daniel, Solomon, the Apostle-names attached to the numerous gospels and apocalypses.
[104] For example, Hebrew was supplanted by Aramaic for all ordinary purposes as early as the Maccabees--and to such an extent that in the synagogues the Scriptures had to be translated for the people--but has held its ground as a religious vehicle, and above all as a script, even to this day. (The present use of a _spoken_ Hebrew represents a revival in more recent times, after the wider dispersion of the early Middle Ages had broken the connexion with the Aramaic lands.) In the Persian field the older Zend survived alongside the newer Pehlevi. In Egypt somewhat similar influences were contemporaneously determining the evolution of popular Demotic and official Greek into the Coptic language with Greek characters.--_Tr._
[105] M. Horten, _D. rel. Gedankenwelt d. Volkes im heut. Islam_, p. xvi. Cf. Chapter VII below.
[106] Mayr, IV, 45, et seq. [_Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol. XXIII, p. 570.--_Tr._]
[107] 471. See _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., article “Chalcedon, Council of,” and references therein.--_Tr._
[108] Wenger, p. 180.
[109] Krumbacher, _Byzantinische Literatur-Geschichte_, p. 606.
[110] Sachau, _Syrische Rechtsbücher_, Vol. III.
[111] Bertholet, _Kulturgeschichte Israels_, pp. 200, et seq.
[112] We get a hint of this in the famous code of Hammurabi, though unfortunately we cannot tell in what relation this single work stood, in point of intrinsic importance, to the general level of contemporary jurisprudence in the Babylonian world.
[113] See Professor Maitland’s article “English Law” in _Ency. Brit._, XI ed., Vol. IX.--_Tr._
[114] Sohm, _Inst._, p. 156.
[115] See J. Janssen, _Hist. German People at the End of the Middle Ages_, English translation, Book IV, Ch. I-II.--_Tr._
[116] Lend, I, p. 395.
[117] The punning contrast of Lombard _faex_ (excrement) and Roman _lex_ is Huguccio’s (1200).
[118] W. Goetz, _Arch. für Kulturgeschichte_, 10, 28, et seq.
[119] See the article “Canon Law” in _Ency. Brit._, XI ed.--_Tr._
[120] See Sohm’s last work, _Das altkatholische Kirchenrecht und das Dekret Gratians_ (1918).
[121] See Ch. VII below.
[122] See Ch. X below.
[123] The permanently valid element in English law is the constant _form_ of an incessant _development_ by the courts.
[124] If the higher courts alone are meant, the number is well below fifty for England and Wales. Scots law is independent of English and has its own jurisprudence.--_Tr._
[125] _Inst._, p. 170.
[126] Similar problems are now (1927) arising in connexion with radio broadcasting.--_Tr._
[127] _Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch_, § 90.
[128] As evidenced in terms of French law like “_Société anonyme_,” “_raison sociale_,” “_personne juridique_.”--_Tr._
[129] Note, in this connexion, the remarkable development in modern American industry of a professional managerial class, distinct from the capitalist, the technician, and the “worker.”--_Tr._
[130] Published 1857. English translation, 1872.--_Tr._
[131] Without Alexander, and even before him, for Alexander neither kindled nor spread that light; he did not lead, but followed its path to the East.
[132] See G. Glotz’s recent work _La Civilisation égéenne_, 1923 (English translation, 1927).--_Tr._
[133] This is now recognized by art-research; cf. Salis, _Die Kunst der Griechen_ (1919), pp. 3, et seq.; H. Th. Bosser, _Alt-Kreta_ (1921),