fragment is given in a copper-plate, _Ant._ vol. v. pl. 29.
[296] [The spot has now been re-discovered, and marked upon the map of the Société d’Etudes de l’Isthme de Suez. _Travaux de la Brigade Française._ Rapport de l’Ingénieur. 1847.]
[297] _Descr. de l’Eg._ Atlas, pl. 23, 31.
[298] Letronne was probably led to this opinion because, as above mentioned, he thought that Heroonpolis was on the sea.
[299] Letronne, in this treatise mentioned, has further attempted to show that the connecting canal between the Nile and the Red Sea continued till about the third century after Christ, but was then interrupted until it was re-opened by the Caliph ʾOmar in the year 639. Since that time it continued till the year 762 or 767, when the canal was designedly filled up by the Caliph El Mansur. The ingenious combinations by which Letronne assumes that the canal was filled up with sand, about the time of Septim. Severus, because at that time the Porphyry quarries of Gebel Dochân appear to have been neglected, is not, however, a sufficient reason for this conclusion. The canal might easily have been deepened again, as in the time of ʾOmar, and many other reasons might be given for the neglect of the stone-quarries in the Red Sea. But there is a positive proof _against_ it in Ibn el Maqrizi (_Notices et Extr. des MSS._ tom. vi. p. 337, 366), where it is said, according to Langlès: _Hadrien dirigea ensuite sa marche vers l’Egypte, où il fit recreuser le canal qui allait du Nil à la mer de Qolzoum; les vaisseaux y passaient encore à l’apparition de l’islamisme: c’est le même que ʾAmrou ben el-ʾAss fit nettoyer_; and farther on (p. 340), where Amru says: _Je sais qu’avant l’islamisme, des vaisseaux amenaient chez nous des marchandises de l’Egypte. Depuis que nous avons fait la conquête de ce pays, cette communication est interrompue; le canal est encombré et les marchands en ont abandonné la navigation._ It is evident from this, that the canal during the rising of the Arabs, shortly before the Egyptian conquest, had been designedly filled up by the Egyptians as an inimical and prudential measure, for the same reason that it was afterwards again filled up by the Caliph El Mansur, when Mohammet ben ʾAbdallah rose against him at Medina, in the year 762 (according to others 767). The year also of its restoration appears to me still doubtful. Maqrizi, indeed, says (p. 334): _Lorsque le Très-Haut accorda l’islamisme aux hommes, et que ʾAmrou ben el-ʾAss fit la conquête de l’Egypte, ce général, d’après l’ordre de ʾOmar ben âl-Khaththâb, prince des fidèles, s’occupa de faire recreuser de canal dans l’année de la mortalité._ This famine year was certainly the year 18 after the flight of the prophet—_i. e._ A.D. 639. But in the same year Egypt was also conquered, and it is not very probable that cutting the canal, which would occupy six months, was the first and immediate undertaking of the conqueror, although it was undoubtedly soon called for by the famine in Arabia, which made it necessary to import provisions from Egypt. From the words of Amru also, quoted above, there appears to have been a longer period between the conquest and the cleaning out the canal. I, therefore, think that we ought rather to follow the defined statement of El-Kendi, who is cited by Maqrizi himself (p. 343), and who wrote about 880. He places the restoration of the canal five years later—namely, in the year 23; _i. e._ 644, the last year of Amru. For the history of the canal, compare, besides the treatises of Letronne which we have cited, what the same scholar said at a former time in his edition of the _Dicuil._ 1814, 8vo, p. 10, &c., and in his translation of the 17th book of Strabo, p. 382; also Mannert, _Geogr. von Africa_, Abth. i. p. 503, &c., and Weil, _Gesch. der Chalifen_, Bd. i. p. 119, &c.; the last of whom likewise places the restoration of the canal after 641.
The result we have arrived at with regard to the whole history of this remarkable connecting canal is, therefore, briefly, the following:
c. 1350 B.C. _Ramses II._ (_Sesostris_) digs the canal from Bubastis to Heroonpolis (Mukfâr, near Seba-Biar), and with the assistance of the Israelites builds near it the towns _Pithom_ and _Ramses_.
c. 600 B.C. _Nekô_ appears to have conducted the canal as far as the Bitter lakes.
c. 500 B.C. _Darius_, for the first time, makes the whole connection, since he cuts through the elevation between the Bitter lakes and the sea.
c. 350 B.C. In the time of Aristotle the canal appears to have fallen into disuse.
c. 250 B.C. _Ptolemæus Philadelphus_ digs a wide canal, _amnis Ptolemæus_, from the sea to the Bitter lakes, constructs an artificial sluice, and builds Arsinoë on the sea.
c. 100 A.D. _Trajan_ opens a new canal, _amnis Traianus_, from Babylon to Heroonpolis.
643 (644) A.D. _ʾOmar_ re-opens the interrupted connection.
762 (767) A.D. _Mohammet ben ʾAbdallah_ fills up the canal.
[300] Jomard, _carte de la basse Egypte. Wilkinson, Mod. Eg. and Thebes_, i. p. 187.
[301] It is a great mistake if Champollion—_L’Eg. sous les Phar._ ii. p. 244—considers these the ruins of the town built by the Israelites.
[302] Wilkinson (_Mod. Eg._ p. 319) misunderstands the passage when he supposes that _Patumos_ was situated at the other end of the canal, on the Red Sea. He appears here to have followed Jomard, who, in his map of the Delta, also places it at the head of the bay, although he places Pithom in the right position.
[303] Compare Steph. Byz.
[304] Πά-τουμος, Pi-thom, ⲡⲓ-ⲑⲟⲙ, means “_the_ (namely the _Temple_, the _Dwelling-place_) _of the Tum_” of the well-known Egyptian god 𓏏𓍃𓅓𓅱𓀭, who was much honoured exactly in this part of Egypt. He is frequently found upon the Flaminian obelisks, which come from Heliopolis, as well as upon the monuments of Ramses at Abu-Keshêb.
[305] iv. 5, 53.
[306] Compare Böckh, _Manetho_, p. 293 and p. 229.
[307] Exod. ii. 23.
[308] Ramses III., also, whose reign happened soon after the Exodus of the Israelites, waged war with the northern nations, and therefore undoubtedly passed through Syria and Palestine. But it is not probable that his marches were ever of any considerable duration, or were connected with long periods of possession, so that we may venture to believe that these transitory marches against the _powerful_ nations of this country, to whom the Jews did not at that time belong, could have as yet little effect upon them, unless, indeed, it happened, perhaps, when they were themselves subjugated by the Mesopotamians or the Moabites. Such a supposition would be still less probable if the Jews had departed as early as the reign of _Tuthmosis III._, or of _Amosis_, because in that case that Egyptian occupation of the country would have happened when the Jews had already become quite established, and masters of the land.
[309] _Handb. d. Chron._ i. p. 569, 578, 580.
[310] Josephus, _Ant. Jud._ II. xv. 2, calculates 430 years from the entrance of Abraham into Canaan to the Exodus of Moses. Compare VIII. iii. 1.
[311] [Ideler, _Handbuch der Chron._ i. p. 507, 543.]
[312] Ideler, _Handb. d. Chron._ i. p. 531.
[313] Abraham ben David (about 1161) says, in his book Sepher _hakabbala_, col. 33, b (Amsterd.): “The second period begins from the great synagogue of Simeon the Just. The Persian empire was destroyed in his time by Alexander, the King of Greece (Javan). He came to Jerusalem ... in the year 40 after the building of the temple ... and commanded that they should commence the reckoning of their contract from this year, which is the year 1000 since their Exodus from Egypt, and the year 3450 since the Creation.” But he placed the year of the Exodus at 2448; therefore the year 3450 is properly the 1003rd, not the 1000th, since the Exodus. R. Isaac Israëli (about 1250), in the book _Jesod Olam_. Bl. 84, b, says, “And the Talmud was concluded in the year 3949, according to the calculation of the world, which is the year 500 of the Contract.” We thence obtain for the commencement of the era of the Contract the year 3450 = 312.
[314] _Semach David_ (written about 1592), p. 60-65, in the Latin translation by Vorst (Lugd. Bat. 1644), cites several more authorities for the year 3448; among them also Abraham ben David, but who, as we have seen, expressly writes 3450, in spite of the mention of the 1000-yeared period since the Exodus.
[315] Ant. XI. viii. 5.
[316] _Thesaur. tempp. Euseb._ 1658, tom. ii. p. 72.
[317] S. Ideler, _Handb._ i. p. 579.
[318] In the year 318 the determination of Easter, according to the different Christian calendars, was transferred from the Nicene Council to the Alexandrian chronologists. S. du Cange, _praef. ad Chron. pasch._ This difficult work at once presupposed a careful consideration and investigation of the different eras still in use, but especially of the Jewish computation of time, because the feast of Easter was connected with the solemnisation of the Jewish Paschal feast, which was instituted at the time of the _Exodus from Egypt_. Therefore in those days, when chronological studies were more especially practised, there was a particular cause for obtaining the true date of the Exodus, which, to Egyptian scholars in particular, could not have been difficult.
[319] _Handb._ i. p. 581.
[320] It was also called “the Era of _Alexander_.” Ideler, _Chron._ i. p. 449.
[321] It would be important to inquire when the year 2448 is first mentioned in Jewish literature as that of the Exodus, and which of the Rabbis first clung to this epoch in the outline of history, which was at first probably only marked in the calendar.
[322] We have already seen above, that neither the Apostle Paul nor Josephus recognised the calculation of the 480 years. Africanus just as little, who reckoned 748 years. (Routh, _Reliqu. sacræ_, vol. ii. p. 313, ff.) Eusebius (reckons 600, or even 610 years; _Præp. Ev._ x. 14, compare Routh elsewhere; but in his _Canon_ he calculates 480), Clemens Alexandr. (_Strom._ p. 386, Pott. 567), Syncellus (p. 175, 659), and others. Among modern scholars, Des Vignoles (_Chronol. de l’hist. sainte_, t. i. p. 172) has especially treated the question in detail. He finally decides upon the acceptation, that the period consisted of 648 years, but that the number 480 arose from a mistake in the text (p. 184), as others before him had declared. Böckh lastly says, that the number appears to him to have been _inserted at a later period_. (_Manetho_, p. 190.) Several other numbers of the Old Testament, especially all indeterminate numbers, as the 40 and its multiplicates, as well as the greater sums, _e. g._ Exodus xii. 40; Judges xi. 26; 1 Kings vi. 1; and in other places, and the whole uninterrupted chain of numbers, originating in them, appear to me to have been for the first time adopted since that early part of the Old Testament was last combined and revised, at all events for the first time after the exile. The opinion also adopted by Bertheau (_Richter_, p. 34), that this revision proceeds from Ezra, appears to me to be very probable.
[323] Numb. i. 26.
[324] Ezra ii. 59; Nehemiah vii. 61.
[325] Ezra ii. 62; Neh. vii. 64.
[326] Contra. Ap. i. 7.
[327] Gospel Matth. i. 2, &c.; Luke iii. 23, &c. The great differences between the two genealogies have been considered in a variety of ways, but, as it appears, they have not yet been satisfactorily explained. Therefore, they do not permit of any immediate chronological conclusions.
[328] The removal of some of the difficulties indicated in the following table are obvious, and may, therefore, have been expressed long before me, in the critical-biblical literature already published, although I am unable to point it out. But the aim we have in view requires us to examine this subject somewhat more accurately. I see, besides, that Ewald also, _Gesch. Isr._ i. p. 31, ii. p. 433, and in other passages, considers the two generations from Levi to Saul and to Heman, as the most complete, and, therefore, all the others as incomplete.
[329] According to the Septuagint. In the Hebrew text, chap. v. & vi.
[330] [Hebrew text, 1 Chron. vii. 20, 21, 24-27.]
[331] It is impossible that the descendants of Ephraim, mentioned in 1 Chron. viii. 20, 21, could have been all killed at the same time by the men of Gath (therefore, in Palestine), since they include eight generations. The march to _Gath_ also, which is mentioned, could not have been from Egypt (Bunsen, _Æg._ i. p. 220) (Tr. vol. i. p. 178), since they went _down_. It is equally impossible that _Non_ and _Jehoshuah_ can be rightly placed in v. 27, since the latter ought to stand in the ninth in place of the third degree from Ephraim.
[332] _Gesch. Isr._ ii. p. 371.
[333] _Buch. d. Richt._ p. xix. xx.
[334] Heb. Text, 1 Chron. vi. 39, 43.
[335] Unless the name of _Jahath_, the son of Gershom, is to be withdrawn, and Shimei put into its place, by which means this genealogy also would only have eleven degrees from Moses to Solomon.
[336] See above, p. 402.
[337] De Wette, in his translation, makes no distinction in v. 22.
[338] See Luther’s German Trans. of Bible.—TR.
[339] The names of _Levi_, _Gershom_, _Jahath_, _Sima_ (_Zimmah_), _Adaiah_ (_Iddo_), Zerah agree. It only differs in Ethan (Joah), and _Ethni_ (Jeaterai). Shimei and Libni appear to be brothers. But, on that account again, the name of Jahath, as above remarked, ought to be rubbed out of both lists, and perhaps be considered as a common surname of the brothers. For Jahath appears in the 1 Chron. vii. 43 as the father of Shimei, xxiii. 10 as the son of Shimei, vii. 20 as the son of Libni, but, xxiii. 8, not among the sons of Laadan, who nevertheless, xxiii. 7, stands in the place of Libni.
[340] Gesen. Thes. l. Hebr. p. 1011.
[341] The omission may perhaps be explained by Exodus vi. 24, where Assir, Elkanah, and Abiasaph literally appear beside one another as sons of _Korah_, while it was probably intended that, as his sons, they should succeed one another.
[342] We should, perhaps, also take into consideration the preference which is given in the genealogical tables of the Old Testament to _three_ sons.
[343] The genealogy was certainly originally _brought down_ from father to son; therefore the names _carried up_ from Elkanah to Heman precede those from Kohath to Joel (and Heman), although Kohath is the _elder_ brother. We follow the correct order.
[344] _Azariah_ appears to have been the true father of _Joel_; Samuel was, perhaps, his father-in-law, or his uncle, for although, 1 Sam. viii. 2, _Joel_ and _Abiah_ are also stated to be sons of Samuel, our fourth genealogy, 1 Chron. vii. 28, calls them Vashni and Abiah.
[345] In the series of Eli, Ἀχίτωβος must stand in place of Ἰοχάβης, for the ancestors of Zadok and Achimelech were both named Ahitub, which might at all events easily produce confusion. The name Ἰοχάβης seems to be founded upon Ichabod, the brother of Ahitub (1 Sam. iv. 21; xiv. 3).
[346] According to Eratosthenes, Apollodor., Diodor. &c.; see Larcher, _Hérod._ tom. vii. p. 51, 53, 68, 395, 397.
[347] _Æg._ i. p. 209-214. (Tr. vol. i. p. 166-171.)
[348] Two points may, perhaps, strike the reader in the survey of the different statements of numbers given here from the Book of Judges, upon which I will subjoin what follows in explanation. I have placed the 20 years under the Canaanites to the right, the 20 of Sampson and Saul to the left; not arbitrarily, but from the following reason: In the first section of this epoch, which ends with Gideon, all the numbers are indeterminate except those exactly which relate to the oppressions by other nations. This does not seem to me to be accidental; why should not the times of the oppression have been firmer fixed in the memory than the other divisions of time, the recollection of which is principally connected only with celebrated persons? The number 20 does not belong to the round numbers; it bears in itself, therefore, the probability of being historical. On the other hand, the 20 years of Sampson and Saul are in the third division, in which all the remaining numbers are unhistorical, as the eight preceding are all historical. The person of Sampson is especially so poetically represented, that it is perfectly adapted to its unchronological neighbourhood. It is possible, also, that it belonged entirely to the preceding Philistine time of 40 years, and ought therefore to be quite omitted. But the 20 years of Saul was even received in the Acts of the Apostles, and by Josephus, as a round number, and was therefore exchanged with 40. The period of Saul also was certainly not better known than that of David and Solomon. The second point is, that it might appear remarkable to see the periods of oppression placed generally together with those of the separate Judges, whilst both classes are however quite heterogeneous. I would have separated them, if by that means the result would have been very different. But it is so circumstanced, that the mean number of the historical statements, if we separate the periods of oppression, amounts to 11 years, in place of 12 years; therefore the total sum is 304 years, in place of 318 years. But this is the same result to us; as we cannot look for an exact sum in the calculation, it therefore appeared more suitable, because more prudent, to leave those statements in their historical order.
[349] By the kind permission of Chevalier Bunsen we are enabled to give the following note, which contains the result he has arrived at on this subject:—Chevalier Bunsen agrees with Dr. Lepsius in the conviction that the arrival of the Israelites cannot have taken place under the Hyksos. On the question whether they arrived before or after them, Chevalier Bunsen differs from Dr. Lepsius, since he believes that Jacob’s family came to Egypt at a far earlier period, viz., in the reign of Sesurtesen (Sesostris) the Second (or Third, according to some), in whose reign he thinks the ancient writers place those changes in the tenure of land which the Bible ascribes to Joseph’s advice as prime minister. This Sesurtesen (Sesostris) reigned, according to the tables of Bunsen, about 2650 B.C., and since he agrees with Dr. Lepsius in placing the Exodus in the reign of Menephthes, 1210 B.C., he allows an interval of 1440 years to elapse between Joseph and the Exodus, more than _fourteen_ centuries.—TR.
[350] They are called by Manetho Φοίνικες and Ποιμένες, and from the most ancient times the north-eastern neighbours of the Egyptians were never other than Semitic nations. The unfounded opinion that the Hyksos were the Scythians has been long ago refuted.
[351] Evidently the same name as that of the Heliopolitan priest פוטיפרע, which only, being more complete, has the ע at the end, and which the Seventy likewise write Πετεφρῆ. In hieroglyphics the name would be 𓊪𓂞𓁛 or 𓊪𓂞𓇳𓏤 Pet-Ra, or with the article, which can also be written in hieroglyphics, Pet-Ph-Ra, _i. e._ “he who is consecrated to the sun.”
[352] This was especially the dress of the Egyptian priests, as well as of the king himself, whose transparent upper garments, of fine linen, are known by the monuments. Compare Herod. ii. 37; Plin. H. N. xix. 2. The elevation of Joseph into the most distinguished class, that of the priests, is shown by this laying on of fine linen garments.
[353] Precious necklaces and chains were bestowed by the Egyptian kings as particular marks of distinction. Several very illustrative representations of this from Thebes and Tel-el-Amarna will be disclosed in the work of the Prussian Expedition.
[354] At festive processions the chariot of the queen used to follow that of the king, and after it the chariot of the princes. Joseph was thus treated like the son of a king.
[355] For other points of comparison, see Hengstenberg, _Die Bücher Moses und Ægypten_, p. 21-76.
[356] Jablonski, _Voc. Æg._ _s. v._ _Psonthomphanech_; Gesenius, _Thesaur._ p. 1181.
[357] xvii. p. 788.
[358] Maqrizi in Quatremère. Mém. ii. 318, 401.
[359] ii. 37.
[360] i. 54.
[361] i. 72, 74. Compare c. 71.
[362] Compare also Strabo, xvii. p. 787, upon the taxes to the king.
[363] Exodus i. 8.
[364] Exodus ii. 23.
[365] Even if we take into account the months also, subtracting 80 years and 8 months from 510 years and 10 months, we shall obtain 430 years and 2 months.
[366] I do not, however, lay more importance upon this agreement than it deserves. The coincidence of this number with the Hebrew periods, originating in a different manner, may certainly have first caused it to be believed that the Hyksos were the Jews. I am the less inclined to reject this opinion, as we shall see below that the Hebrew number may also be explained in a different manner.
[367] Böckh is also of this opinion, _Manetho_, p. 227.
[368] Ps. xc. 10.
[369] So Ewald, _Gesch. d. Volks Israel_. Bd. i. p. 30, 339 &c. Bunsen, _Ægypten_, i. p. 215, 225. (Trans. vol. i. p. 171, 181.)
[370] Ewald, i. p. 31. Compare Bunsen, i. p. 220.
[371] Ewald, i. p. 354, 387, &c.
[372] P. 204, 206. (Trans. by C. H. Cottrell, vol. i. p. 161-163.)
[373] Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte. Hamburg, 1845.
[374] Die Chronologie der Ægypter. Berlin, 1849.
[375] These dates were obligingly supplied by Dr. Lepsius himself, in a letter dated Berlin the 5th of July, 1853.
[376] From the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal for July, 1850.
[377] Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Aus dem Jahre, 1844.
[378] The breadth of the river itself. See Letter to Hr. Böckh, p. 27.
[379] Dr. Lepsius, after he had seen this paper, informed me that Katakomben was a misprint for Katarakten.—L. H.
[380] Miss Martineau’s Eastern Life, vol. i. p. 99.
[381] Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, in der Jahren 1835, bis 1841. Stuttgart, 1841-1846.
[382] With reference to the object of this paper.
[383] Reisen, Bd. ii. 545.
[384] “Über den Stromlauf und das zunächst liegende Uferland des Nils, von der zweiten Katarakte bis Assuan, besitzen wir eine vortreffliche Karte nämlich:” “Land zwischen der kleinen und grossen Katarakten des Nils. Astronomisch bestimmt und aufgenommen in J. 1827, durch v. Prokesch. Nil Grundrisse der Monumente. Wien, 1831.”—Reisen, Bd. ii. Thl. iii. 86.
[385] Russegger, Reisen, Bd. i. 258.
[386] Travels in Ethiopia, p. 272.
[387] Description de l’Egypte.—Separate Memoir, entitled “Description de Syène et des Cataractes.”
[388] Russegger, Bd. ii. 3 Thl. 85.
[389] Russegger, Bd. ii. 3 Thl. 76.
[390] Travels, p. 257.
[391] Wanderungen durch das Nilthal, von G. Parthey, Berlin, 1840. 378.
[392] Travels, pp. 9 and 11.
[393] Eastern Life, i. 104.
[394] Ib. 144.
[395] Rennie, Report on Hydraulics, in the Fourth Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1834, p. 487.
[396] I state this on the authority of my friend, W. Hopkins, Esq., of Cambridge.
[397] Russegger, Bd. ii. 1 Thl. 569 to 584.
[398] Rennie, Report cited above, p. 422.
[399] See note, p. 511.
[400] Parthey, 318.
[401] Russegger, Reisen, Bd. ii. 300 and 320. Lancret, Description de l’Egypte, Mémoire sur l’île de Philæ, 15-58. Rosellini, I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia. Monumenti del Culto, 187. Wilkinson’s Thebes and General View of Egypt, 466. Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Arts. Ptolemy, Ph. and Nectanebus.
[402] p. 187.
[403] Ægyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte.—Drittes Buch, 122.
[404] Antiquités de la Nubie, p. 6.
[405] Tome iii. parte ii. p. 6.
[406] Thebes, &c. p. 482.
[407] Bunsen, as above.
[408] p. 9.
[409] Wanderungen, &c. 334.
[410] Reisen, Bd. i. s. 273.
[411] Reisen, Bd. ii. 1 Thl. s. 328.
[412] The _italics_ in the above quotation are thus distinguished by Dr. Lepsius, the CAPITALS by the author himself.
[413] Here follows a sketch of the plan.
INDEX.
A.
Aahmes-nufre-ari, mother of Amenophis I., 246
Ababde Arabs, 140, 154
Abahuda, village of, 240
Abaris, 406, 416, 426, 446
—— situation of, 426-434
—— same as Pelusium, 431-434
Abaton, island of, 123
Abbas Pascha, 45
Abdebab, Nubian Desert, 141
Abd el Qurna, hill of Thebes, 243, 271
Abdîn, or Blue Nile, 174
Abeken, H., 12, 55, 72, 94, 98, 132, 148, 153, 159, 160, 194, 237, 273, 346
Abel’s Tomb, Palestine, 340
Abke, Nubia, 239
Abir, or Qabir Mount, 237
Abocharagos, the Saracen Prince, 557
Abraham, 422, 485
—— ben David, cited, 452
Abu el Abas, village of, 172
—— Dôm, town of, 222, 229
—— Hammed, town of, 17, 141
—— —— arrival at, 143
—— Haras at mouth of Rahad, 148, 167
—— Haschin, province of Berber, 145
—— Keshêb, ruins of, 435, 438
—— Nugara, mountain chain in Nubian Desert, 141
—— Roasch, Pyramids of, 14, 59, 79
—— Schar, coast of Red Sea, 289
—— Senejat, mountain chain in Nubian Desert, 141
—— Sihha, mountain chain in Nubian Desert, 141
—— Simbel, temples of, 20, 240
—— Tlêh, Desert of Gilif, 214
—— Zelîmeh, Gulf of Suez, 22, 302, 365, 547
Abusir, Pyramids of, 13
—— stone inscribed at, 69
—— Sheikh of, 76
Abydos, 17, 23, 101, 116
Acca (Ptolemais), 336
Achencheres, Exodus was placed in reign of, 489
Achmed Pascha, 129, 147, 160, 163, 187, 191, 198
—— Pascha Menekle, 130, 147, 205, 190, 160
Adar Auîb, 141
Adererât, plain of, 141
Adulis, town of, 220
Aennum (Philotera), 22
Africa, certain nations in Central, 45
Africanus, Julius, cited, 419, 423, 487, 488
—— —— lists of, 418
—— —— preserved the works of Manetho, 499
Ag ́aïze Arabs, 278
Agamîeh, the Faiûm, 97
Ahmet Pascha, 45
Ai, King, 261
Ain Gulut, Syria, 335
—— el Haramieh, Syria, 334
—— Hawâreh, Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 548
—— Uneh, Peninsula of Sinai, 555
Aithi, Syria, 336
Akaba, gulf of, 554
Akoris, position of town of, 105
Albert, Prince of Prussia, 70
Alabaster quarry, 101, 114
Alabastron, ancient, 115
Alexandria, 13, 41
—— obelisks in, corroded by weather, 42, 369
Alexander of Macedon, 252, 452, 456
Alexandrian library, 382, 496
—— critics, 487
Ali, a Bischâri, 241
Alluvial soil above Cataract of Assuan, 527
Aloa, kingdom of, 163
Altars at Wadi el Kirbegân, 194
Altar, Ethiopian, 223
Alus, Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 548
Amada, near Korusko, 20, 240
Amara, village of, 19, 237
Amarna, valley El, 101, 114, 115, 262, 322
Amasis I., 114
—— —— King, said to be buried in Sphinx, 67
Ambukôl, Nubia, 231
Amen-Ra, 382
—— hymn to, in Egyptian collection of Mr. Sams, London, 392
Amenemha I., 391, 395
—— III., 15, 20, 91, 239, 301, 527
Amenophis, 405, 408, 420, 497
—— I., 246, 248
—— II., 237
—— III., 19, 222, 236, 237, 253, 256, 261, 485
—— IV., 19, 27, 262, 278, 322
Ammon Ra, 126, 223, 248
Amharic language known by Isenberg, 39
Ammonius, the Monk, cited, 556, 557
Amnis Ptolemæus, a canal, 440, 444
Amosis, 424, 486, 488, 497
Ampère, M., cited, 121, 273
Amru entered Egypt with 4000 Arabs, 430
Anianos, 498
Anîbe, village of, 20, 240
Annals of the Monarchy as early as the first Dynasties, 380
Anti-Libanon, 338
Antinoe, ancient, 113
Antiochus Epiphanes, 409
Antoninus Placentinus, 558
Ants, large black, 138
Aphophis, King, 479, 487, 488
Apion, cited, 411, 421, 423
Apis, the, taken by Amenophis to Ethiopia, 407
Apries (Hophre), inscription belonging to Temple of, 43
Arab, Ababde, 140, 154
—— Ag ́aïze, 278
—— ʾAuadîeh, 214
—— Schaiqîeh, 214, 229
—— carelessness in cookery, 280
—— discontented with pay for camels, 130
—— explanation of term, 76
—— family, manners of, 276
—— hospitality, 277
—— vengeance, 271, 321
Arabian Gulf, 434, 437, 441, 442
—— races orally transmit register of generations, 458
Arabic characters, 258, 311
—— inscription, 550-552
—— language, 228, 231
—— music, 182
Arbagi, village of, 166
Arch, pointed and round, 73, 74
Archæology of Egypt, 28
Archimedes invented water-screw in Egypt, 384
Architecture in Egypt, 388
Argo, island of, 17, 233
Argonsene, ruins of town at, 235
Ariston, cited, 554
Aristotle, cited, 439, 444
Arnaut soldiers, 198
Arsinoë II., 109
—— town of, 93, 435, 437, 440, 444
Art, canon of proportions in Egyptian, 21, 118, 383
—— Ethiopian more recent than Egyptian, 152
—— in Egypt and Ethiopia, 18
—— history of, in Egypt, 28
Artaxerxes, 279, 386
Artemidorus, 553, 554, 555
Artim Bey, 189
Artists of Greece, educated in Egypt, 383
Asasif, valley of, 254, 264
Asses in Berber, 157
Astronomy of Egyptian priests, 386
—— knowledge of, necessary to chronology, 396, 398
Assuan, 20, 104, 118
—— granite rocks of, 32, 371
Assur, plain of, 150
Astaboras river, 146
Atbara, province of Berber, 146
Atfeh, Nile at, 43
Athanasius in Theban desert, 266
Atrib (Athribis) in Nile Delta, 333
Atschan, range of, 158, 193
Auatêb, valley of, 156
ʾAuad, the guide, 271
ʾAuadîeh Arabs, 214
Axum, Abyssinia, 220
Ayûn Mûsa, Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 548
B.
Baal Zephon, 427
Bab Allah, gate of Damascus, 343
Bab el Meluk, Thebes, 244
Babylon, 437, 440, 445
Babylonian prisoners, 482
Bachît, village of, 230
Bageh, temple of, 526
Bahiuda, desert of, 213
Bahr-bela-mâ, the Faiûm, 95, 136
—— Jussuf, the Faiûm, 15, 92, 96
—— ʾHatab, Nubian desert, 137
—— Scheitan, or mirage, 142
—— Scherkîeh, the Faiûm, 94
—— Wardâni (the Faiûm), 94
Bâlbeck, 346
Ban-tree, 227
Baobab-trees, 166
Bárada river, 339
Barbarus of Scaliger, 453
Barkal, Mount, 18, 220, 222
Bartlett, H., cited, 535
Barquq, Sultan, 94
Batn el Hagér, province of, 237
Basilica in Wadi Gazâl, 218
Bauer, Herr, of Kamlîn, 189, 163
Bech-en-aten (King Amenophis IV.), 114, 262, 278
Bedouin, the, 86
—— explanation of term of, 76
Beg ́a language, 31, 242, 244
—— plain of, 348
Begerauîeh, village of, 17, 150, 152, 195, 209, 212
Behbét el Hagér (Iseum), in Nile Delta, 23, 333
Berber, Mudhir of, 131
Bêida, village of, 198
Belbês, Israelites were settled near, 449
Beled Ellâqi, village of, 241
Belled e’ Nuba, village of, 228
Benihassan, tombs of, 16, 101, 110-113
Ben Naga, village of, 153, 154, 194
Beni-Suef, town of, 15, 100, 322
—— Kensi, tribe of, 241
Berscheh, village of, 16, 101, 113, 115
Bertheau, cited, 464
Bet el Ualli, temple of, 124
Berut (Berytos), Syria, 336, 356
Bethin (Bethel), Syria, 334
Bethmann, Dr., 23, 322
Biahmu, monuments of, 96
Bigeh, island of, 20, 120
—— temple of, 531
Bir Ambar, spring of, 277
Birds, collection of, 160
—— on Blue River, 168
Bîreh, village of, 334
Birket e’ temsah, 434
Birqet-el-Qorn, the Faiûm, 15, 92, 93, 95, 97
Biscay, Bay of, 37
Bischarîba people, 244
Bischâris, the, 140
Bischâri language, 241
Bitter lakes, 436, 440, 442, 444
Bischeh, the Faiûm, 97
Blemyes, the, 242
Blue River, 162
—— —— birds, trees, monkeys, &c., 168, 169
Bocchoris, King, 423
Böckh, cited, 107, 242, 424, 494
—— letter to, from Dr. Lepsius, 508
Boghos Bey, confidential minister of Mohammed Ali, 40, 46, 189
Bokty, the Prussian consul, 47
Bonomi, J., travelling companion, 12, 35, 45, 56, 57, 98
Book of the Dead, 381, 392
Braun, Herr Julius, 41
Bricks of Nile mud, 372
Bricks, burnt, of Babylon, 373
Brick-vaulted roofs, 373
Britan, Syria, 340
British Museum, 394
Bscherreh, Syria, reception at, 351
—— Sheikh of, 352
Bubastis, 369, 429, 436, 448, 449
Bubastic arm of Nile, 427, 428
Buêribs, the, 154, 157
Bulaq, harbour of Cairo, 44
Bunsen, Chev., cited, 387, 392, 420, 424, 471, 492, 499, 526
—— —— last friend seen in England, 35
Bujurldis. _See_ Firman
Burckhardt, cited, 338, 532, 551, 561
Burial near Blue River, 176
Burying alive in Fazoql, 202
Byblus (Gebel), 355
C.
Cailliaud, cited, 150, 154, 155, 209
Calippus, cycle of, 454
Cæsar, Augustus, 252, 266
Cairo, 23, 44-46, 80
—— festival in, 70
Cambyses, 251, 279
Camel, explanation of term, 81
—— drivers, imposition of, 216
Camels, want of, 130
Camp, attack on, at Saqâra, 75
—— life in the, 56, 87
—— night in the Egyptian military, 204
Canal between Nile and Red Sea, 441-445
—— Nile, 436
—— Rosetta, 43
Canals in Egypt, 482
Candace, Queen, 196
Canons of proportions, 28, 118, 383
Canopic arm of Nile, 447
Carians, the frontier guard near Pelusium, 429
Carmel, Mount, 336
Castle of Abd el Qurna, 243
—— Abke, 239
—— Hellet el Bib, 226
—— Sêse, 236
Cataract, second, 131
—— country, excursion to, 225
—— of Kalfa, 237
Cataracts in provinces of Schaiqîeh and Monassir, 228
—— 239
Cemetery of Meröe, 212
Cepheus, King, 423
Chafra (Chephyren), Pyramid of, 59
Chairemon, cited, 434
Champion, M., the Austrian consul, 45, 47
Champollion, Figeac, cited, 25, 51, 107, 110, 112, 119, 120, 124, 266, 527
—— —— cited, 381, 394, 431, 435
Chanter, the two books of, 388
Chartûm, 15, 130, 131, 158, 190, 193
Chemmis, 115
Chencheres, King, 422, 489
Cheops, writing on the monuments since the time of, 37
—— (Chufu), Pyramid of, 48, 59, 72, 372
—— —— —— —— —— tablet on, 57
—— King, 110, 114
Chephren. _See_ Schafra
Chôr el Ammer, desert of Gilif, 216
—— Bân, 227
Choreb. _See_ Horeb
—— 559
Chorography of Egypt, 29
Chôsch e’ Gurûf, Nuba village, 228
Christian chronologists on the period of the Exodus, 421
Christianity in Nubia, 231
Christmas at Pyramids, 55
—— —— Thebes, 273
Chronicle, old, 497, 498
Chronology, 396
—— Old Testament, 490, 492
—— Manethonic, 490
Chronological character of Jewish History, 401
Chronologists, Jewish and Christian, 421
Churches and convents, Christian, 230, 267
Church, Coptic, 237
—— of Magal, 231
Churshid Pascha, 163, 195
Civilisation of Egypt during the first Dynasties, 25
Clavis Nilotica, 210
Clemens of Alexandria, 387, 392, 398, 423
Cleobulus, sage of Lindus, 384
Cleopatra, Queen, 444
—— —— inscription referring to, 106
Cleopatra’s Needle, 42
Climate in Peninsula of Sinai, 545
—— 224
—— at Thebes, 103
Clot Bey, M., 32, 246
Clysma Poemes, bishop of, 557
Codex of Syncellus, 489
—— Mediceus, 437
Computation of time, Egyptian, 497
Contracts, era of the, 452
Convent at Gebel Mûsa, 291, 305, 556
—— in Wadi Gazâl, 218
Copper mines in Peninsula, 22, 300, 301
Coptic characters, 27, 94, 109, 117, 123, 158, 277, 394, 426
—— churches, 219, 237, 260
—— —— plan of, 219
—— inscription, 220
—— language encouraged by Lieder’s exertions, 36
—— population near Thebes, 268
—— school, 36
—— settlement, 278
Copts, the, 270
Corinth, Isthmus of, 442
Cosmas Indicopleustes, cited, 313, 320, 558, 560
Costume in Cairo, 80
—— worn by travellers in Thebes, 104
Crocodiles of Blue River, 169
—— eggs, 175
Crocodilopolis, remains of, 15, 97
Croly, Rev. Dr., 540
Cuneiform inscriptions, 443
Customs in southern provinces, 202
Cynocephalus, 172
D.
D’Abadie, cited, 99
Dáhela, village of, 175
Dakkeh (Pselchis), 17, 20, 242
Dal, frontier village, 237
—— Haui, island of, 149
Damascus, 340
—— journey to, 336-340
Damietta, 23
Dams of Lake Mœris, 95
D’Anastasi, M., the Swedish consul-general, 39, 394
Dâmer, village of, 133, 146, 147, 149
Danai, the flight of, 424
Danaus, 383, 408, 421
Danqeleh, village of, 209
D’Anville, cited, 427, 431, 433, 434
Daphka, Peninsula of Sinai, 540, 547, 548
Daphni of Pelusium, 429
Dara-buka kettle-drum, 184
Dar Fûr, 30, 234
—— —— language of, 244
Darius, 439, 440, 442
Darius II., 252, 279
Darmali, village of, 228
Daschûr, Pyramid of, 13, 79, 98
Dedications on Temples, 379
Date of the Exodus, 470-474, 449-457, 490
Debbet e’ Ramleh, plain of, 300
Debôd, 17, 20, 123, 242
Debu, temple at, 526
Decades, or Egyptian weeks, 398
Decius, Emp., 266
Defterdar Bey, 195
Defûfa, tomb of, 234
Delta of the Nile, 369, 483, 486
Dender River, 170
Dendera, temple of, 17, 23, 101, 110, 116, 322
Dendûr, temple of, 17, 20, 124, 242
Der el Ahmar, village in Syria, 348
—— Bachît, convent of, 267
—— Bahri, convent of, 267
—— Medînet, convent of, 267, 381
De Rozière, cited, 443
Derr, temple of, 126, 232, 240, 356
Desert, Nubian, 133, 143
—— journey through, 214
Derut-Scherif, 15
Dhafari, Peninsula of Sinai, 547
Dilêb-Palms, 171
Diméh, in the Faiûm, 15, 97
Dinka tribes, 149
—— language, 161
Diocletian, Emp., inscription in honour of, 42
Diodorus, cited, 123, 202, 260, 381, 383, 391, 408, 421, 429, 439, 480, 483, 553, 554
Diodorus, Exodus according to, 409
Division of time, 398
Doko, country of the, 46
Dongola, province of, 19, 458
—— new, 233
—— old, 232
Dôm-Palms, 137, 218
Doseh, the trampling, 71
Dromedary, explanation of term, 81
—— pace of, 139
Du Bois Aymé, cited, 435, 436
Durra grain, 143, 154
Dynasty, Elephantine, collateral, 60
Dynastic Lists, 497
Dynasties, tables of Egyptian, 499, 506
E.
Echmim, inscription in rock grotto of, 23, 109, 115
Edbai, country of Bischâri tribes, 242
Edfu, temple of, 17, 20, 117
Egypt, archæology of, 29
—— civilisation of, during first Dynasties, 25
—— climatal conditions of, 368, 369
—— famine in, 481
—— geography and chorography of, 29
—— history of, 367
—— history of art in, 27
—— mythology of, 26
—— philology of, 26
—— regarded as a university for philosophy, 384
Egyptian administration under the old kings of the country, 482
—— Museum in Berlin, views respecting its decoration, 324
—— gods, 381, 392
—— annals, King of the Exodus in, 417
—— canon of proportions, 383
—— chronologies not opposed to Hebrew, 457
—— collection of Mr. Sams, 392
—— prophets, 413
Ehden, village of, 353
Ehrenberg, his views respecting luminosity of sea, 37
—— cited, 234, 239, 290
Eileithyia, ancient, 117
El Ain in Libanon, 338
El Akarid, village of, 150
El Ammer, valley of, 216
Elanitic Gulf, 554
El Bosra, alabaster quarries at, 21, 31, 114, 115
El Buêb, hill of, Peninsula of Sinai, 298
El Chôr, province of Berber, 145
El Elâm, in the Faiûm, 95, 96
Elephantine, island of, 20
El Farût, hill of, Nubian Desert, 141
El G ́eʾah, plain of, 290, 296
El Gôs, plain of, 215
El Guês, village of, 212
El Hai, well of, 291
El-Harib, tombs of, 16
El Hessue, valley of, 298, 318
El Hibe, monuments of, 23
El Kab, rock tombs of, 20, 117
El Kenissa, castle of, 239
El Orde (New Dongola), 233
El Qorn, mountains of, 277
Elim, 306, 307, 548, 551, 560
Elijah, 559
Eleians, their Olympian games, 383
Em Bey, 289
Emigrants from Semitic countries, 410
Emir Pascha, 131, 146, 159, 186, 189, 192
Enned Mountains, 288
Era of the Greeks adopted by the Jews, 452
—— Grecian, 456
—— of Contracts adopted by the Jews, 452
—— of the Seleucidæ adopted by the Jews, 452
Eratosthenes, cited, 437
Erbkam, G., member of the expedition, 12, 28, 39, 45, 53, 72, 74, 79, 81, 83, 97, 147, 153, 195, 230, 235, 243, 259
Erectheus, King of Athens, 383
Erment (Hermonthis), temple at, 17
E’ Seleha, valley of, 156
Esneh, temple of, 17, 20, 117
—— Mudhir of, 131
E’ Sofra, valley of, 156
E’ Sufr, valley of, 137
E’ Sûr, village of, 209
Ethiopian art more recent than Egyptian, 152
—— civilisation later than Egyptian, 244
—— demotic writing, 207
—— inscriptions, 31
Ethiopians of Meröe, 208
Ethiopia, flight to, 407, 416
Et. Quatremère, cited, 435
E’ Tih, descent of, 300
Eudoxus, 384, 386
Euergetes II., inscription referring to, 105
Eusebian canon, 489
Eusebius, cited, 313, 422, 453, 489, 498, 499, 555, 560
Eutychius. _See_ Saïd ben Batrik
Ewald, cited, 310, 424, 427, 430, 464, 548
Exodus, date of the, 449-457, 470-474
—— according to Diodorus, 409
—— according to Hecataeus, 408
—— according to Manetho, 405-407
—— of the Hyksos, preserved by Manetho, 410
—— of Israelites, 410, 411
—— —— —— same as expulsion of lepers related by Manetho, 404
—— of lepers same as of Israelites, 412-417
Expedition, chief purpose historical, 24
—— French-Tuscan, 24
Ezbe, roads of, 333
Ezbekîeh square, in Cairo, 80
F.
Fadniê village, 154
Fakir in Abu Dôm, 229
—— of Tâiba, 187
—— Daha, his sepulchre, 229
—— Fenti, castle of, 235
Faiûm, the, 14, 92-98
—— journey to, 83
Fall of Nile, 521
—— Thames, 520
Falmouth, scenery about, 36
Famine in Egypt, 481
Faran in Peninsula of Sinai, 31, 554
Fazoql, customs in, 202
Fellah, explanation of term of, 76
—— industrious, 260
Ferhât Pascha, 131
Ferlini, treasure found by, 151, 197
Fidimîn, village of, 97
Finisterre, cape, 37
Firân, in Peninsula of Sinai, 547, 559
Firman of Viceroy, with permit to the Prussian expedition to collect Egyptian monuments, 40, 42
Fishes, Egyptian collection of, 32
Fortress at Bachît, 231
—— of Karat Negil, 230
—— at Tifar, 232
Franke, member of the expedition, 39, 53, 57, 75, 153, 198, 210
Franz, cited, 106
French-Tuscan expedition, 24
French expedition, 436, 438, 443
Frey, J., the painter, 12, 38, 98
Funeral ceremony in Wed Médineh, 183
G.
Ganz, cited, 452
Gabre Máriam, the Abyssinian boy, 181, 187, 275
Gabuschié, village of, 196, 198
Gaqedûl, in Desert of Gilif, 214
Garizim, Mount, 334
Gau, cited, 123, 526
Gauâta, village of, 101, 115
Galba, Emp., 266
Gaza, road into Egypt from, 429
G ́eʾah, plain of, 290, 296
Gebel, village of, 209
—— Abrak, 217
—— Abu Gueh, 278
—— —— Schegere, 292
—— —— Senejat, 141
—— —— Sihha, 141
—— Adar Auîb, 141
—— Aschtân, 158
—— Barkal, 18, 220, 222
—— Barqugres, 215
—— Buêrib, 154
—— Dahʿi, 335
—— Dêqa, 231
—— Dochân, 32, 281, 286
—— —— red porphyry of, 288, 372
—— Dosche, 236
—— El Bab, 136
—— Enned, 289
—— Farût, 141
—— Fatireh, 31, 280
—— Graibât, 141
—— Hammâm, hot springs of, 291
—— Katherîn, 292, 293
—— Kongeli, 226
—— Lagâr, 156
—— Maáuad, 277
—— Maqál, 228
—— el Mágeqa, 216
—— Mograd, 141
—— Mûsa, 292, 303, 315, 532, 544, 562
—— —— Mount of the Law, 532
—— —— convent of, 556
—— e’ Naga, 155, 156
—— Nusf, 214
—— Omarda, 214
—— Qermana, 214
—— Qettâr, 292
—— Rauiân, 158
—— Roft, 138
—— Sefsâf, 293
—— Selîn, 115
—— Selseleh, 371
—— Sergen, 214
—— Silsilis, 117
—— e’ Tih, 300
—— e Tur, 335
—— Um Riglin, 292
—— Um Schômar, 292, 297
—— Zeït, 289
Gedîdeh, in Syria, 340
Geez inscription, 208
Geg, province of Berber, 145
Genealogies, registers of, 458, 460
Generations, register of, 458
Genna, village of, 150
Gennin (Egennin), Syria, 335
Geography of Egypt, 29
Geological structure of Lower Nubia, 522
Geometry, the knowledge of, 390
Georgi, O., the painter, 12, 222, 187
Georgius Syncellus, cited, 498
Geraschab, Schellâl of, 158
Gerbé Dandour, monument at, 526
Gerf Hussên, temples of, 20, 124, 126, 242, 356
Gerf e’ Schech, village of, 228
Germanicus, visit to remains of, ancient Thebes, 266, 393
Gertassi, in Ethiopia, 123
Gesch, reed grass, 213
Gesenius, cited, 431, 548
Gezîret-el-Qorn, island of, 97
Ghabîne, village of, 209
Gharaq Lake, 98
Gibba, in Syria, 343
Gibraltar, 38
Gilif, desert of, 213
Gimscheh, or Kebrit, Peninsula of, 289
Girsche, 242
Gism Halfa, 241
Gizeh, Pyramids of, 13, 47, 79
Gôba, in Syria, 344
Gobat, Bishop of Jerusalem, 39
Gods, Egyptian, 381, 392
Gomra, island of, 150
Gorata, near source of Blue Nile, 99
Gôs Basabir, village of, 158
—— Burri, village of, 214
Goshen, land of, 49, 410, 411, 414, 435, 448
Granite of Assuan, 371
Greek inscriptions, 31, 105, 122, 125, 220, 240, 550
—— philosophers, 385
Greeks, era of the, 452, 456
Gulf of Akaba, 554
—— Arabian, 434
Guneh, in Syria, 355
Gungules, fruit of Baobab-tree, 166
H.
Habak herb, 296
Hadrian, Emperor, 113, 288
Hager Mérui, white rock in Province of Robatat, 226
Haipha (Hepha), Syria, 336
Hair, Arab mode of greasing, 144
Halfaï, or Nile, 205
Haluf, Nuba village, 228
Hamâda-trees, 295
Hamdâb, district of, 225
Hamitic languages, 31
Hammâm Faraûn, in Peninsula of Sinai, 554
—— Seidna Solimân, tower of, 237
Hammamât, quarries of, 22, 32, 278, 321
Hammer, von, 341
Hannik, in province of Máhas, 235
Haram el Gizeh, Pyramids of, 47
Hay, cited, 271
Hassan Kaschef, of Derr, 127, 241
—— Pascha, 131, 146, 192, 218, 232, 235
Hathor, temple to, in Dendera, 116
Heathen temples mutilated by Christians, 267
Hebrew Chronologies not opposed to Egyptian, 457
—— commentators, 477
—— numbers, uncertainty of, 402
—— tradition, 401
Hecataeus, of Abdera, Exodus according to, 408
—— —— cited, 260, 408
Heglik-tree, 217
Heliopolis, 46, 369, 384, 406, 408, 413, 414, 448
—— priest of, Joseph marries the daughter of, 411
—— (Bâlbeck), 346
Hellet el Bib, ruins of, 226
—— e’ Solimân, village of, 188, 205
Hengstenberg, cited, 544
Henniker, Sir Fr., 551
Heracleopolis Parva, 429
Hererat, 297
Hermanovich, Dr., 160, 190
Hermes, Book of the Dead ascribed to, 392
—— Trismegistus, citation from, 270
Hermetic books, 382, 387, 391, 397
Hermonthis, ancient (Erment), near Thebes, 117
Hermopolis Parva (Damanhur), 447
Hero, same as Heroonpolis, 435
Herodotus, cited, 119, 383, 384, 429, 432, 439, 442, 447, 480, 481
Heroonpolis, 434, 435, 437, 445, 555
—— situation of, 434, 438
Hierasykaminos, inscriptions of, 125
Hieroglyphical inscriptions on rock, 458
Hieroglyphic writing, 377
Hieroglyphics, 27, 58, 59, 109, 196, 223, 236, 377, 381, 382, 413, 420, 426
Hierogrammatist, the, or Sacred Scribe, 387
Hiersolyma, built by Moses according to Hecataeus, 408
Hieratical, or Priest Books, 387
Hillel, the astronomer, 454
Hippopotamus, 158
—— on Blue River, 170
Historical book literature, 394
—— literature necessary to restoration of true history, 399
—— sense in the Egyptian character, 374
Hobi, island of, 153
Hogg, Mr. John, 540, 560
Hopkins, W., cited, 522
Horeb (Choreb), 293, 304, 314, 533
Horner, L., paper on bed of Nile, Appendix, 507
—— cited, 239
Horoscopi, the, or time-seers, 388
Horus, King, 259, 405, 420
Horus, the god at temple of Edfu, 117
Hospitality, Arabian, 277
Hospital in Wed Médineh, 185
Hoskins, 150, 154, 155
Howara, village of, 84
Humboldt, A. von, 105, 532
Hyksos, the, 395, 406, 421, 476, 479, 486
—— time of, 485
—— Exodus of the, 410
—— banishment of, 417
—— Dynasties of the, 488
—— invasion of the, 427
—— end of rule, 428
Hymn to Amen-Ra, in Egyptian collection of Mr. Sams, London, 392
Hymns to the God, 389, 392