1584-1588 416

English Catholics _versus_ Scottish—Santa Cruz’s proposal to conquer England—Enlisting the Pope—Intrigues in Rome—Mary Stuart and Philip—Drake’s raid on Galicia—Elizabeth assumes the protectorate of the Netherlands—War at last inevitable—The preliminaries of the Armada—The Babington plot—Philip’s consent—His distrust—Discovery—Elizabeth’s fears of war—Her approaches to Spain—Santa Cruz’s fresh proposals to invade England—His great plan—The Scottish Catholics try again to share the attack upon England—Failure of Huntly’s scheme—Guise not allowed by Philip to interfere—Mendoza in favour of the Scottish plan—Philip’s claims to the English crown—The peace negotiations—Drake’s dash upon Cadiz—Parma and the Armada—Death of Santa Cruz—Medina Sidonia—The Armada—The failure and its causes—The end of the struggle to win England

ILLUSTRATIONS

PHILIP II. IN 1586 _Frontispiece_ From a Contemporary Engraving by Essarts

TO FACE PAGE

PHILIP II. AT THE AGE OF 24 38 From the Painting by Titian in the Prado Museum. Photograph by R. Anderson

WILLIAM LORD PAGET 62 From a Painting in the National Portrait Gallery

QUEEN MARY AT THE PERIOD OF HER MARRIAGE 80 From the painting by Antonio Mor in the Prado Museum. Photograph by R. Anderson

CARDINAL REGINALD POLE, PAPAL LEGATE AND ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY 102 After a Painting by Sebastiano del Piombo. Photograph by W. A. Mansell & Co.

QUEEN ELIZABETH 192 From a Painting by Zucchero in the National Portrait Gallery

ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL OF LEICESTER 208 From a Painting at the National Portrait Gallery

WILLIAM CECIL, LORD BURGHLEY 228 From the Painting by Marc Gheeraedts in the National Portrait Gallery

FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, THIRD DUKE OF ALBA 308 From an Engraving

ROBERT PARSONS, S.J., 1546-1610 368

HENRI, DUC DE GUISE 400 From an Engraving. Photograph by W. A. Mansell & Co.

CARDINAL ALLEN 432 From a Photograph by W. A. Mansell & Co.

QUEEN ELIZABETH 464 From the Painting by Marc Gheeraedts at the National Portrait Gallery

TWO ENGLISH QUEENS AND PHILIP