[245] Mary wrote to him when she was deploring the confusion in their plans caused by the muddling of the Jesuits and Lennox: “There are, as you have pointed out, many objections to carrying out this enterprise from France, and I wish it to be conducted entirely by you, sure, as I am, of your faith and prudence.... I must therefore beg of you most earnestly to continue here, and thus gain for yourself the honour of God and man if the enterprise be successful, as you yet give me hopes that it will be. The principal thing is for you to remain in England, but if that be impossible, then in France.”—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[246] Roman Transcripts, Record Office, vols. xvi. and xvii.

[247] This was an ordinary course with Philip when he disapproved of a plan proposed to him: to pretend acquiescence, but to propose that the Pope should find the money, which he knew he would not do.

[248] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[249] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[250] Parsons, although always an enemy of Paget, was, up to the period in question, as we have seen, an adherent of Guise and the Scottish plans; but he appears to have changed immediately after his return from Rome. Allen, who was older and more experienced, probably indoctrinated him with the Anglo-Spanish view. Tassis, writing on the 15th November, 1583, says that Parsons “persists that upon no account should the enterprise he commenced in Scotland. He is strongly of opinion that the design upon England should be persevered in and the heart struck at first: and he says that Allen is told this, by persons on the Border itself, who prove it by irrefutable arguments.” Amongst these arguments is one that was constantly used afterwards, viz., that no matter what the nationality of the foreign troops, if they came to England _viâ_ Scotland, they would be looked upon as French and opposed accordingly.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[251] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. (Paris Archives Nationales).

[252] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[253] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[254] To Idiaquez.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[255] Roman Transcript, Record Office, vol. xvii. Allen and Parsons to the Pope and Philip, 16th January, 1584.

[256] The Cardinal of Como to the Nuncio in Paris, 9th April, 1584.—Roman Transcripts, Record Office.

[257] Allen to the Nuncio in Paris.—“Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen.”

[258] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[259] Tassis to Philip, May 27th.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[260] Bazan to the King and the reply. Fernandez Duro, “La Armada Invincible.”

[261] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[262] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[263] Philip to Mendoza, 5th July, 1585.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[264] Philip to Mendoza, 17th August.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[265] Philip to Mendoza, 23rd July, 1585.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[266] It appears, from a letter written by the Marquis of Santa Cruz in 1586, that all the English ships were released in a week or so without any damage being done to them, whereas the embargo upon Spanish property in England was not raised at all. Santa Cruz represents that the English were the aggressors; probably some religious point was made the pretext for the attempt to take possession of the _Primrose_ by the Lieutenant-Governor of Biscay. The Spaniards insist that none of the ships were embargoed until the _Primrose_ had sailed away with her “captors.”

[267] The correspondence of Olivares detailing his negotiations with Sixtus is in the Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[268] Mendoza to Philip, Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[269] Parsons to Idiaquez, 30th June, 1597. Transcript printed in “Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen.” The original cannot now be found in the Simancas Archives.

[270] That she knew this is seen in the letter where she implores Mendoza to keep the matter secret, or she will lose her French dowry. It is curious, however, that in the same letter she prays for rewards for Morgan and the Pagets, whom Parsons represents as being strongly anti-Spanish.

[271] Mendoza to Philip, 26th June, 1586.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[272] Philip to Mendoza, 18th July, 1586.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[273] Mary to Mendoza, 27th July, 1586.—Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[274] It was asserted by Mendoza that Raleigh was one of these, which is incredible.

[275] If the postscript to her letter to Babington of 17th July, 1586 (Record Office, “Mary Queen of Scots,” vol. xviii.), be genuine, as I believe, there can be no doubt of this, but her letter to the French ambassador, Chateauneuf (17th July), is also compromising (Labanoff).

[276] See p. 420.

[277] These were Castilian ducats worth 11 reals (2s. 51⁄2d.), or £467,444, which would represent in present value nearly £3,000,000.

[278] These letters (copied by me in the Paris Archives) are in the Spanish Calendar, vol. iii.

[279] Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, had married a Portuguese princess, and his children had a better right to the Crowns of Portugal and England than Philip had. The English Catholic refugees in Flanders were already suggesting that the young Prince of Parma should marry Arabella Stuart and reign over England when it had been conquered. Farnese himself was approached by different English parties, even by the moderate conforming Catholics in Elizabeth’s Court during the negotiations, with a view to divide him from the Spaniards on this question of the succession. The Spanish officers, after the defeat of the Armada, failing to understand the tactical reasons that kept Farnese inactive, openly accused him of treachery. There is no doubt that Farnese was hurt, and justifiably so, at the contemptuous disregard for his children’s rights, but he was certainly loyal to Philip.

[280] Spanish Calendar, vol. iii. 681.

[281] Philip afterwards ordered that the aid should be confined to a money subvention, but Parma determined, if possible, to send the armed contingent, though the whole scheme fell through.

[282] Spanish Calendar, vols. iii. and iv.

[283] Spanish Calendar, vol. iv.

[284] To prove the importance of this point, one of Mendoza’s arguments in favour of the proposal of Huntly and the Scottish Catholics to attack England across the Border by land instead of by an invading fleet, was the great cost of the pipe staves, which he said had already been 150,000 ducats.

[285] Spanish Calendar, vol. iv. 135.

[286] This had been, and continued to be, an absolute condition of Parma’s, without which he would not move at all. We shall see how the promise was treated.

[287] There is, unfortunately, no space here to give details of the endless pourparlers that went on. Much of the correspondence from the English Commissioners is in the Flanders Papers in the Record Office, and in British Museum Cotton MSS. Vespasian CVII., whilst Parma’s letters on the subject to Philip are abstracted in the Calendars of Spanish State Papers, vol. iv., under the editorship of the present writer.

[288] Spanish Calendar, vol. iv.

[289] Parma to Philip, 20th March, 1588.—Spanish Calendar.

[290] The letters of Medina Sidonia and Philip have been printed in Spanish by Captain Fernandez Duro in “La Armada Invincible.”

[291] “La Armada Invincible.”

INDEX

A

Alava, Don Francés, Spanish ambassador in France, 320-23

Alba, Duchess of, in England, 84-86, 88

Alba, Duke of, 53, 67, 68, 73, 85, 117, 142, 148, 150, 197, 218, 226, 231, 232. In Flanders, 258, 265, 266, 268, 271, 272, 275, 277-78, 282, 283-88, 297-316, 319, 324, 327, 330, 333. Retires from Flanders, 334. In Portugal, 372

Alençon, Duke of, 321, 326, 327, 342, 345, 350, 352, 358, 361, 370, 376, 388, 395-96, 399, 422

Allen, Dr. (Cardinal), 383, 385, 391, 404, 405, 406, 416, 418, 419, 425, 432, 457, 458, 459, 471, 484, 485

Alvarez, Dr., Portuguese ambassador, 270-71

Anna of Austria, Philip’s fourth wife, 300

Antonio, Don, Portuguese Pretender, 371-73, 375, 379, 380, 396, 405, 411, 413, 420, 427, 429, 441, 447, 450

Armada, the evolution of the, 420, 421, 425, 427, 431, 432, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 458, 462. Orders given to, 466-70, 475-78, 479, 480-82. The catastrophe, 483-84

Arundel, Earl of (Fitzallan), 14, 37, 40, 62, 67, 174, 281-82, 284-88, 290, 302, 303

Arundel, Earl of (Howard), 409, 439

Arundell, Charles, 409

Ashton, 136

B

Babington plot, 434-44

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, 163

Bailly, Charles, 310-12

Ballard, Father, 434, 435, 439, 440

Barker, 306

Bayonne, the interviews at, 230, 231, 232

Bazan, Alvaro de (Santa Cruz), Admiral, his plan to conquer England, 420, 428, 447, 448, 449, 451, 462, 465, 466, 467, 469, 471, 474, 476

Beal, clerk of the Council, 441

Bedford, Earl of, 54, 56, 57, 66_n_, 145, 149, 162

Berga, Father, De Spes’s chaplain, 300

Bertondona, Martin de, Spanish seaman, 58, 476

Beton, Archbishop of Glasgow, 239, 363, 364, 366, 383, 384, 391, 400, 405, 418

Beton, James, 267, 270

Blanks, the Conspiracy of the, 450 _et seq._

Bonner, Bishop of London, 113, 115, 123

Borough, Admiral, 461, 463

Bothwell, 256

Boxall, Secretary, 161

Browne, Sir Anthony (Viscount Montagu), 43, 68, 303

Bruce, Robert, 450, 451-55

C

Cadiz, Drake’s raid upon, 460-64

Caithness, Earl of, 382

Calais, loss of, 151, 157, 168

Campion, Edmund, Jesuit, 367

Carew, 46

Carlos, Don (Philip’s son), 54, 135, 213, 224, 225, 228, 236, 238, 239, 240

Castelnau, de la Mauvissière, French ambassador to Scotland, 250

Cateau Cambresis, Peace of, 191, 195, 196

Catharine de Medici, 197, 210, 211, 226, 229, 231, 287, 303, 320, 326, 330, 345, 362, 384, 458

Catharine Grey, 196, 241

Catholic League, the, 195, 226, 228, 230, 327, 328, 422

Catholics, English, under Elizabeth, 200, 227, 228, 233, 246-47, 261, 271, 280-83, 285-88, 289-92, 293-95, 298-316, 361, 367-68, 376, 388, 405, 409, 416, 417, 434, 435, 439, 440, 485

Cavalcanti, Guido, 320_n_

Cecil, William (Lord Burghley), 9, 99, 149. Elizabeth’s minister, 183, 187, 195. Checkmates Dudley, 209, 226, 227, 247, 260, 273, 274, 278, 280, 282, 301, 317, 319, 324, 336, 345, 348, 358, 371, 374, 379, 395, 427, 437, 441, 459, 460

Charles, Archduke, a suitor for Elizabeth’s hand, 199, 202, 216, 219, 224, 229, 238, 239

Charles V. His attempts to gain the friendship of England, 2-19. His advice to Mary, 17-18. His abdication, 132

Charles IX. of France, 327, 352, 358

Chatillon, Cardinal, Huguenot leader, 268, 299

Cheyne, Sir Thomas, 145

Ciappino Vitelli, Alba’s general, 292, 294

Clarencius, Mrs., Queen Mary’s nurse, 40, 78, 179

Clinton, Lady, 184

Clinton, Lord, made Lord Admiral, 157, 162, 163, 167, 170, 225, 278, 379

Cobham, Lord, English councillor, 14, 15, 43, 310

Cobham, Lord (junior), 465

Cobham, Henry, Elizabeth’s envoy to Spain, 307

Cobham, Thomas, 310

Coligny, Admiral, 149, 268, 329

Como, Cardinal of, 401

Condé, Prince of, 226

Cordell, Master of the Rolls, 163, 179

Cordova, Pedro de, 86

Council of Trent, proposal by Dudley for England to join in, 203-10

Courtenay, Earl, of Devon, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32-33, 38, 41, 43, 46, 48, 49, 62, 113, 115, 116, 139

Cranmer, Archbishop, 41, 141

Crawford, Earl of, 450

Creighton, Father, Jesuit, 378, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390

Crofts, Sir James, 358, 399, 465, 470

Cumberland, Earl of, 285

D

Dacre, Lord, 285, 293, 404

Dale, Dr., Peace Commissioner, 465

Daniel, 136

Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, 218, 221, 226, 235-37, 238-40, 241-54, 256

Dassonleville, Councillor, in England, 173, 184, 278-79

De Foix, French ambassador, 230, 231

Dela, Damian, 345, 348

Derby, Earl of, 61, 67, 80, 85, 302

Derby, Earl of (junior), 465

Desmond Rebellion, 359, 362, 364, 370, 375, 398

De Spes. _See_ GERAU DE SPES

D’Este, Cardinal, 421, 426

Don Juan of Austria, 334-40, 345, 349-51, 352, 355, 357, 362

Drake, Sir Francis, 369, 371, 381, 397, 413, 427, 429, 430, 460-64, 465, 479

Dudley, Lord Henry, 16, 41

Dudley, Sir Henry, 136, 139

Dudley, Lord Robert, 199, 202, 221, 223, 224, 225, 226. Plots against Cecil, 227 (Earl of Leicester), 352, 355, 358, 371, 382, 395, 397, 427, 430, 449, 460

Dunblane, Bishop of, 457

Durham House, 43, 170, 199, 217, 446

E

Edward VI., 2, 3, 4. Illness and death of, 8-12

Eglinton, Earl of, 382

Egmont, Count, his embassy to England, 43, 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 55, 67, 76

Elizabeth, Princess, of England, 19, 20, 38, 39, 41, 46, 48, 49, 61, 64, 109, 110, 113, 115, 116, 122-24, 135, 136, 138-41, 156, 164-65. Visited by Feria, 166, 174. Acknowledged Mary’s heir, 175. Her accession, 181. _See also_ ELIZABETH, QUEEN OF ENGLAND

Elizabeth, Queen of England. Perplexity of Feria, 181-82. Her first measures, 183. The problem of her marriage, 182, 186. Her reception of Philip’s offer, 192-93. Deceives Quadra, 203-10. Her policy towards the Dutch Protestants, 221. Her statecraft, 224. Fresh approaches to Spain, 226-30. Her danger from Mary Stuart, 235-55. Her fear of Philip’s designs, 258 Her retort to Alba’s proceedings in the Netherlands, 258. Her anger at Dr. Man’s expulsion from Spain, 259-62. Seizes the treasure, 275. Embargoes Spanish property, 275-80, 292. Her alarm, 301. Her reception of Guaras, 325. Friendly with the French, 326-27. Alençon’s courtship, 327-28. Her talk with Guaras, 341. Receives Mendoza, 354-60, 370, 374, 379-81, 385-91. Draws nearer to Spain, 395, 396. Proposal to murder her, 401-3. At war with Philip, 431. Plot to murder her, 434-35, 439-41. Tries for peace, 445, 459, 466, 470. The Armada, 480-84

Elizabeth of Valois, third wife of Philip, 197, 226

Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy, 7, 108-11, 116, 140, 148, 186

England reconciled to the Papacy, 102-8

Englefield, Sir Francis, 392, 485

Enriquez, Pedro de, his account of England, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 102, 111, 112

Eric of Sweden. Offers to marry Elizabeth, 165, 176, 186. A suitor for Mary of Scotland, 219

F

Farnese, Alexander, Duke of Parma, 350, 424, 445, 451, 452, 453_n_, 462, 465, 470, 471, 472. Advocates peace, 475, 479

Felton, John, 299-300

Fenner, Captain, 429

Feria, Count (Duke of), 55, 67, 73, 86, 151, 153. His dealings with Mary and her Council, 153-172. Leaves England, 172, 173. Returns to Mary’s death-bed, 177. Visits Elizabeth, 166, 178. Philip’s ambassador to Elizabeth, 181. His bewilderment at the changes, 182-84. His interviews with Elizabeth, 185. His action in Madrid, 259, 265, 307_n_, 317, 324, 351

Feria, Countess of (Jane Dormer), 179, 202, 316

Fiesco, 292, 323

Figueroa, Viceroy, Imperial ambassador, 67, 79, 80, 165

Fitzwalter, Lord (Earl of Sussex), 54, 56. _See also_ SUSSEX

Fitzwilliam, George, 316-18

Fleetwood, Sir William, 343, 347

Flores, Diego, 478

Fowler, a Lennox adherent, visits Guzman, 235-37

Francis II. of France, 197

Frobisher, Captain, 429

G

Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 26_n_, 36, 40, 42, 45, 46, 61, 71, 75, 94, 95, 103-5, 107, 115, 130-31

Geneda, Don Diego, 33, 135

Gerau de Spes, Spanish ambassador, 264. His violent character, 265-67. Begins plotting at once, 268-69, 270, 271. Causes seizure of English property and stoppage of trade, 275. His indiscretion, 276, 277, 278. Under arrest in England, 278-79. Plots with Mary Stuart, 280-83, 284-92, 293. The Ridolfi plot, 297-315. Hoodwinked by Hawkins, 316-18. His expulsion from England, 319, 375

German mercenaries for England, 156, 168, 169

Gifford, Gilbert, 439, 440, 443

Giraldi, Portuguese envoy to England, 343-44

Granvelle, Cardinal de, 4, 21, 99, 387, 388, 392-93, 394

Gregory XIII., Pope, 309, 338, 401, 405, 406, 421, 422, 423

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 112, 160, 161, 268

Grey, Lady Jane. _See_ JANE

Grey de Wilton, Lord, 145, 151

Guaras, Antonio de, 35-36, 267, 322-26, 330-33, 336-46. Arrested, 347-49, 357, 359, 375

Guaras, Gombal de, 357

Guise, Francis, Duke of, 142, 143, 148. Captures Calais, 151. Death of, 235

Guise, Henry, Duke of, 365, 366, 384, 389_n_, 390-92, 393, 394, 399, 401-3, 405-7, 409, 417, 418, 422, 425, 426, 450, 451, 458

Guises, the, 200, 210, 211, 232, 234, 352-53, 445, 457

Guzman de Silva, Diego. Spanish ambassador to England, 222. His first interviews with Elizabeth, 225-32. His negotiations with Mary Stuart, 235-54. His interviews with Elizabeth about the expulsion of Dr. Man, 260-61. Begs Philip to recall him, 262. Presents his successor, 264. Elizabeth’s grief at his departure, 264-65. Leaves England, 265, 268

H

Hamilton, Lord Claude, 440, 450

Hastings, Lord, 43, 99

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 370, 371, 373, 382, 396

Havrey, Marquis d’, 352

Hawkins, John, 273, 274, 281. His trick on de Spes, 316-18

Hawkins, William, 273

Heath, Archbishop, Lord Chancellor, 141, 155

Henrique, Cardinal, King of Portugal, 362, 372

Henry VIII., 2, 32

Henry II. of France, 6, 95, 115, 139, 142, 188, 194. Death of, 197, 200

Henry III. of France, 399, 425, 455, 456, 457, 486

Herbert, Dr., Peace Commissioner, 465

Herries, Lord, 257, 312

Hertford, Earl of, 465

Heywood, Father, Jesuit, 383

Hoby, Sir Philip, English envoy, 8

Holt, Father, Jesuit, 386, 388

Horn, Count, 67

Horsey, Governor of the Isle of Wight, 274

Howard, Lord Henry, 388, 399

Howard, Lord William (Lord Effingham), 43, 44, 61, 63, 64, 67, 76, 77, 135, 148, 157, 191, 225, 254

Howard, Lord Admiral (Charles 2nd Howard of Effingham), 441

Huguenots, the, 200, 210, 211, 226, 230, 232, 268, 273, 320, 326, 327-29, 353, 358

Hunsdon, Lord, 441

Huntly, Earl of, 382, 450, 454

Hurtado de Mendoza, Diego, 33