_Progress of Mining, Manufactures, and Commerce in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries._

SECTION I.

_Coal, Iron, and Lead Mining._

⭘ Coal Mining in the early part of last Century――Improved methods of working the Mines, application of Steam-power――Gradual increase in the consumption of Coal――State of the Coal Miners in the last Century

⭘ The Collieries are now worked by Steam-power――Quantities of Coal raised in Scotland――Number of persons employed――Wages of Coal Miners at different periods

⭘ Iron, Lead, and Copper Miners

SECTION II.

_Iron Works, and Iron Manufactures._

⭘ Scottish Iron Ores――Furnaces erected in Scotland――Carron Iron Works――Erection of other Iron Works in the last Century――Quantity of Iron annually produced

⭘ More Blast-furnaces erected――Discovery of the Blackband Ironstone――Increasing demand for Iron――Invention of the Hot-blast――Annual production of Iron at different periods

⭘ Account of Iron Works――Malleable Iron Works――Steel Manufacture

⭘ Iron-founding and other branches of the Iron Trade――Sequence of Industrial Development

SECTION III.

_Improvement of the Means of Communication._

⭘ State of the Roads in the last Century――New Roads and Bridges in the Highlands――Making of Canals

⭘ Introduction and Development of Railways――Improved Postal and Telegraphic Arrangements

SECTION IV.

_Shipbuilding._

⭘ Progress of Shipping from the end of the Seventeenth Century Onwards

⭘ Shipbuilding in Leith――In Dundee――In Aberdeen, and other Ports ――Effect of Changes in the Construction of Vessels

⭘ Shipbuilding on the Clyde, Steam vessels――Iron Ships――War Ships ――Steel Vessels――Number and Tonnage of Vessels built and launched

SECTION V.

_Glass and Earthenware Manufactures._

⭘ Various kinds of Glass――Process of making it――Glass Engraving ――Glass Painting

⭘ Earthenware Works――Brick and Tile Works

SECTION VI.

_Textile Manufactures._

⭘ Mechanical Inventions, Appliances, and Machines for Spinning and Weaving

⭘ I.――Development of the Woollen and Hosiery Manufactures ――Introduction of Machinery, Steam-power, and Power-looms――Keen Competition in the Markets of the World――Carpet Manufacture ――Bonnet Manufacture――Number of Woollen Factories in Scotland, and number of Persons employed

⭘ II.――Progress of the Linen Manufactures――Number of Lint Mills in the Eighteenth Century――Quantity of Linen produced, and its value――Table Linen Manufacture in Dunfermline――Introduction of Jute Manufactures――Its rapid Development――Number of Linen and Jute Factories, and total number of Persons employed

⭘ III.――Introduction and Development of Cotton Manufactures ――Number of Cotton Mills in the Eighteenth Century――Steam-power, and Power-looms――Number of hands employed at different periods ――Thread Manufacture

⭘ IV.――Silk Manufacture――Mixed Fabrics――Floorcloth――Total number of Persons employed in Textile Manufactures

⭘ Some of the Effects of the Industrial Revolution――Wages of Operatives in Cotton Factories

SECTION VII.

_Paper Manufacture._

⭘ Invention of the Pulping engine, and Paper-making Machine ――Development of Paper Manufactures――Raw materials used, and quantity of Paper produced――Number of Persons employed

⭘ Manufacture of Paper-hangings

SECTION VIII.

_Printing and Book-binding._

⭘ Printing in the last Century――Invention and Development of Stereotyping――Introduction of Printing Machines, and Steam-power ――Number of Persons employed

⭘ Book-binding, Machines used――Minute division of Labour

SECTION IX.

_Leather, India-rubber, and Shoe Manufactures._

⭘ Manufacture of Leather――Number of hands employed――Revolution in the Shoe-making Trade――Gutta-percha――India-rubber Manufactures

SECTION X.

_Sugar-refining, Brewing, and Distilling._

⭘ I.――Sugar-refining Trade――Heavy Machinery and Apparatus used

⭘ II.――Quantities of Malt consumed and Beer produced at different periods――Export Trade――Aerated Water

⭘ III.――Legislation touching Whisky――Variation of the Duty on Whisky――Quantities produced and consumed in Scotland

SECTION XI.

_Miscellaneous Manufactures._

⭘ Importance of Chemical Science in the useful Arts and Manufactures――I. Alkali Works; II. Alum Works; III. Mineral Oil Works; IV. Artificial Manures; V. Comb Works――Conclusion