THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ Most of the abbreviations used to save space in printing have │ │ been expanded to the non-abbreviated form for easier reading. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ Index references have not been checked for accuracy. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are identified in the text with a superscript │ │ number and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which │ │ they appear. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are identified by ♦♠♥♣ symbols in the │ │ text and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which │ │ they appear. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.

BY

JOHN MACKINTOSH, LL.D.

_Author of “The Story of Scotland,” “The Revolution of 1688 and Viscount Dundee,” “The Highland Land Question Historically Considered,” “History of the Valley of the Dee,” Etc._

_A NEW EDITION._

PARTLY REWRITTEN, AND CAREFULLY REVISED THROUGHOUT.

Volume Fourth. ALEXANDER GARDNER, Publisher to her Majesty the Queen, PAISLEY; AND 26 PATERNOSTER SQUARE, LONDON.

1896.