INDEX
INDEX OF AUTHORS
Alexander, Boyd, 2, 13, 31, 45, 55
Allen and Thomson, 2
Ammon, A. von, 122
Andrews and Bailey, 199
Baikie, W. B., 2, 214
Bailey, _see_ Andrews
Barratt, J., 122
Barth, H., 2, 52, 58, 89, 106, 181, 186, 193
Bather, F. A., 165
Böhm, J., 279
Bornhardt, W., 18, 245
Brüggen, 286
Campbell, J. M., 209, 211
Chamberlain and Salisbury, 196
Chautard, J., 122, 205, 207, 253, 263
Chevalier, A., 122, 233
Choffat, P., 282
Chudeau, R., 109, 120, 122, 135, 140, 141, 144, 162, 165, 169, 170, 191–5, 199, 219, 220, 233, 244, 250, 251, 258–60, 262, 263, 283; _see also_ Gautier
Clapperton, _see_ Denham
Coquand, H., 277, 279
Corstorphine, _see_ Hatch
Courtet, H., 106, 122, 193, 216
Crick, G. C., 273
Crowther, S. A., 2
Dames, 273
Denham and Clapperton, 2, 90
D’Orbigny, 278, 280
Downes, W. D., 104, 258
Dunstan, W. R., 92, 96, 265
Du Toit, _see_ Rogers
Edlinger, W., 186, 233
Esch, E., 122, 163, 191, 226, 250, 263
Evans, J. W., 269
Falconer, J. D., 257–8, 263, 273
Flamand, G. B. M., 121
Flett, J. S., 131
Forteau, _see_ Peron
Foureau, F., 135, 206
Foureau and Gentil, 135
Freydenberg, H., 135, 206, 215, 218, 220; _see also_ Gentil
Garde, G., 135, 140, 141, 216, 219, 258
Gautier, E. F., 226, 233
Gentil, L., 121, 135, 140, 258
Gentil and Freydenberg, 106, 134, 135, 140, 258
Guéranger, 279
Guillemain and Harbort, 275
Gurich, G., 174, 236
Harker, A., 264
Harbort, _see_ Guillemain
Harrison, J. B., 246
Hatch, F. H., 206
Hatch and Corstorphine, 206
Haug, E., 121
Holland, Sir T. H., 207
Horwood and Wade, 122, 143
Hubert, H., 69, 109, 121, 135, 140, 168, 170, 191, 196, 202, 204, 207, 226, 249
Hyatt, 282
Knox, A., 122
Kossmat, 284
Lacoin, L., 206, 258
Lacroix, A., 135, 138, 263
Laird and Oldfield, 2, 6
Lander, R. and J., 2
Lapparent, A. de, 162, 165, 194, 207, 229
Lenfant, Capt., 2, 8
Lenz, O., 122, 197
Longbottom, A., 13–16, 20, 22, 33–5, 87, 96, 98, 103–6, 147–51, 153, 154–7, 184–91, 227–8, 261–2, 273
Lugard, Sir F. D., 2
Maclaren, J. M., 209
Maufe, H. B., 208, 211
Mennell, F. P., 204, 209, 211
Merrill, G. P., 246
Newton, R. B., 165, 281
Oldfield, _see_ Laird
Park, Mungo, 2
Parkinson, J., 81, 112, 119, 122, 163, 191, 226, 250
Passarge, S., 2, 122, 140, 186, 191, 198, 204, 207, 224, 233, 237, 241, 245, 247, 248, 258, 259, 263
Peron, A., 279, 282, 286
Peron and Fortau, 280
Peron and Thomas, 281, 282
Pervinquière, L., 282, 284–6
Petrascheck, 284
Prior, G. T., 264
Quaas, 280
Rogers and Du Toit, 206
Rohlfs, G., 200
Salisbury, _see_ Chamberlain
Solger, F., 285
Stoliczka, 276, 280, 281, 284
Suess, E., 140, 165, 233, 247, 248, 252
Thomas, _see_ Peron
Thomson, _see_ Allen
Vandeleur, S., 7
Van Hise, C. R., 118
Vogel, H., 2
Voit, F. W., 123
Wade, _see_ Horwood
Wallace, Sir W., 2, 268
Walther, J., 199, 207
Whiteaves, 281
Whitlock, G. F. A., 32
Woods, H., 166, 273, 277–81
Woodward, A. S., 273
GENERAL INDEX
Abuja: the Rock, 27
granites and gneisses of, 99
Alpine movements in Sudan, 251
Ansongo, flints of, 170
Arofu: Cretaceous rocks of, 148
saltings of, 149, 266
silicified limestone of, 149
galena veins of, 149
Augite-syenite, 135
Awe: brine springs of, 148, 266
Cretaceous rocks of, 146
volcanic hills of, 31, 260, 262
Axes of elevation: 234
Bagele hills: 14, 34, 186
Barbur basalt plateau, 146, 257
Baro, 4, 173
Basalts, 139
of Sahara, 140
of Tertiary age, 253
nepheline basalts, 255
plateau basalts, 51, 100, 257
Bassa: scenery of, 25–6
crystalline rocks of, 82
Bauchi plateau, 3, 38–43
summit of, 40
limits of, 41
scenery of, 42
volcanic hills of, 42
drift deposits of, 43, 203
former continuity with plains of Hausaland, 203
elevation of, 237
not a horst formation, 237
Bauchi province, scenery of, 50
eastern plains of, 44
crystalline rocks of, 101
intrusive rocks of, 102, 133
Benue, watersheds of, 3
tributaries of, 10
scenery of, 11
volcanic tract of, 12
plain of, 13
sandbanks of, 15
drift of Benue valley, 223
antecedent character of the upper and middle Benue valley, 231, 243
Bida, 24
Bima, hills, 50
sandstones, 161
Borgu, scenery of, 20
crystalline rocks of, 69
drift of, 196
Bornu province, scenery of, 50–56
sandstones of, 50, 179
volcanic plateau of, 51
northern plains of, 52–3
crystalline rocks of, 106
drift of, 215
area of predominant depression, 218
dry water-courses of, 220
Bussa, 8, 9, 19, 71
Calc silicate rocks, 114
Carboniferous rocks of Sahara, 144
Cassiterite, _see_ Tinstone
Chad, lake, 2, 52
crystalline rocks near, 107
stratigraphy of rocks around, 192–3
ferruginous clay on shores of, 206
alluvial deposits of, 215
shelly marls of, 216, 218
former greater extent of, 217
not continuous with Eocene seas, 217
excavation of present floor of, 219
climatic changes in Chad area, 219, 240
depression of Chad area, 216, 217, 240
Clays,
of Giro, 168
of Kurukuru, 168
of Pali, 177
of Kirifi, 178
of Deu, 178
of Gombe, 178
Climate, changes of, in Sudan, 210
in Hausaland, 214
in Chad area, 219
favourable to formation of surface ironstones, 210
Cretaceous rocks, distribution of, 144
relation to crystallines, 146
of Muri province, 147
of Yola province, 154
of Bauchi and Bornu, 157
folding of, 147, 154, 158
classification of, 161
of French Sudan, 162
of Southern Nigeria, 163
of Kameruns, 163
palæontology of, 273 _et seq._
Crustal movements, _see_ Movements
Dala, _see_ Mt. Dala
Dallols, 61, 242, 250, 251
Desert periods in Nigeria, 214, 217
recent arid period, 210, 214, 219, 240
Devonian rocks of Sahara, 144
Diabase, 139
Diorites, of Bauchi, 136
of Kano, 136
of Kontagora, 136
diorite porphyrites, 138
Drainage system, recent rearrangement of, 198, 213, 233, 240
Drift, 195
of Hausaland and Borgu, 196, 199
ferruginous crust of, 199
origin of, 201
of Bauchi plateau, 203
of Bornu, 215
of Katagum, 221
of Gongola valley, 222
of Benue valley, 223–4
of Sahara, 226
Duguri, canyon valleys of, 48
sandstones of, 175
Dunes, ancient, 53, 58, 214
Eocene rocks of Northern Nigeria, 164
unconformable upon Cretaceous, 164, 175
of Sokoto province, 165
of the Niger valley, 169
conditions of accumulation of, 171
of Kontagora, 172
of Lokoja, 174
of Nupe, 173
of Bassa, 174
of Nassarawa, 174
of Kabba, 173, 175
of Duguri, Gombe and Kerri Kerri, 175
age of, 181
unconformity upon Cretaceous, 182–3
of Yola, 184
of Muri, 189
of Upper Niger, 191
of Kameruns, 191
Eocene rocks of Southern Nigeria, 191
basins of sedimentation, 228
probable extension over Central Africa, 193, 229
Faulting, of Cretaceous rocks, 145, 147, 154, 157, 158
of margin of Bauchi plateau, 237
on Upper Benue, 190
Ferruginous crust of drift deposits, _see_ Surface ironstones
Firki of Bornu, 52, 215
Galena, of Arofu, 149, 270
of Kudu valley, 154, 270
Gateri Hills, 46, 48, 153
grits of, 153
Gneisses, softer and harder, 69, 108
replacement of softer by harder in Niger valley, 74, 120
in Kabba and Ilorin, 80, 84
near Abuja, 99
in Bauchi, 102
relations of harder and softer, 119
of Sahara, 121
of West Africa, 122
of Transvaal, 123
meridional strike of, 109
of sedimentary origin, 110
metamorphism of, 111
Gold, in Northern Zaria, 96, 269
in Southern Muri, 269
in Bauchi, 269
Gombe, grits and clays of, 175, 178
Gongola, plain of, 14, 33, 47
valley of, 46, 50
drift of, 222
antecedent character of middle Gongola valley, 231, 244
Granites, 123
petrography of older, 123
of younger, 129
soda granites, 102, 130, 135, 140
age of younger, 140
periods of intrusion of, 142
Granulites, 116
Hausaland, provinces of, 3
scenery of, 21, 35
plains of, 21, 36, 198
drift of, 196 _et seq._
surface ironstones of, 199
origin of present aspect of, 198, 246
periods of elevation and depression of, 213
Ibi, 12
Ilo, 4
Ilorin, orographical structure of, 16
great plain of, 19
crystalline rocks of, 75
Inselberge of Kabba, 17
of Borgu, 20
of Kontagora, 22
of Nassarawa, 27
of Muri, 31
of Yola, 35
of Zaria, 36
of Bauchi, 44
of Kano, 56
of Sokoto, 60
origin of, 201, 246
Inselberg landscape, 18, 245
Intrusive rocks of Bauchi province, 102
petrography of, 123
older granites, 123
younger granites, 129
pegmatites, 129
syenites and diorites, 135
porphyries, 137
basalts, 137
Iron sands, 268
Ironstones, crystalline, 78, 81, 110, 114, 269
Cretaceous, 154, 160
Eocene, 164, 269
of Sokoto, 166
of Kontagora, 172
of Baro (Mt. Gidda), 173
of Lokoja (Mt. Patti), 174, 269
of Kantana, 177
of Panguru, 178
of Tagum hills, 179
of Kerri Kerri, 180
_See also_ Surface ironstones
Jakpara hills, 18
Jakura and Wa, limestone of, 66, 78, 110, 113
Jebba, 7 _et seq._
gorge of the Niger above, 7
Ju Ju Rock of, 8, 70
quartzites of, 70
Kabba, orographical structure of, 16
central tableland of, 16
scenery of, 17, 37
crystalline rocks of, 77 _et seq._
Kaduna, scenery of, 24, 36
tributaries of, 36
gorge at Zungeru, 35–6
in axial trough, 234
Kano, province of, 56–8
Mts. Dala and Kogon Dutsi, 58, 90, 136, 201, 247
crystalline rocks of, 89
drift of, 196
Karakai quartzites, 60, 88
Kara river, 92
Katagum, 57
drift of, 221
Kato phyllites, 95
Katsina, scenery around, 59
granites of, 89
granite surface rock, 89
sandstones of, 89
Kazaure, blue quartzite of, 58, 89–90
Kerko hills, granite massifs of, 37
Kerri Kerri, plateau of, 54
trench-like valleys of, 56
rocks of, 179
ironstones of, 181
Kilba hills, 35, 105
Kogon Dutsi, _see_ Mt. Dala
Kontagora, 21
scenery of, 22
crystalline rocks of, 91, 92
sandstones of, 170
Kurefi, 89
Kwaba hill, 33
Lake Chad, _see_ Chad
Limestone, crystalline, between Jakura and Wa, 66, 78, 110
at Igbo, 82
origin of, 110
petrography of, 113
Turonian, of Muri province, 144, 147
of Awe, 147
of Kumberi, 150
of Arofu, 149
of Yola, 155
of Gongola valley, 159
of Gongila, 169
of Reme, 160
of Sudan, 162
palæontology of, 273 _et seq._
Eocene, of Sokoto, 165
nummulitic, 167
Lokoja, 2, 6, 82, 174
crystalline rocks of, 82
sandstones and ironstones of, 174
Loko, 11
Mada hills, peaks of, 30
Magnetite schists, 78, 81, 110, 114
Manga, 238
Maradu, volcanic agglomerates of, 60, 88, 254
Mahorro, ironstones of, 22, 172, 269
Maibirro, quartzite hills of, 21, 73
Malenda river, granites and quartzites of, 21
Metamorphism, absence of contact metamorphism in Kabba, 83
variation in alternate belts, 111
of granites, 123
Mineral resources of Northern Nigeria, 265
Miocene rocks of Sudan, 194
Monazite, 270
Morrua, plains of, 29
Mts. Dala and Kogon Dutsi, 58, 90, 91, 201, 205, 212, 225, 247
Mt. Patti, 6, 11, 174, 269
Mt. Purdy, 6
Movements, crustal, post-Cretaceous, 164, 227
Tertiary, 212, 227 _et seq._
alternate periods of elevation and depression, 213, 230
flexuring of crust, 234, 241
elevation of Bauchi plateau, 237
Alpine movements in Nigeria, 252
Mumuye-Manna plateau, 32, 104
Murchison hills, 2, 12, 31, 103, 231
Muri, great plain of, 12, 30
sandstones, 153
crystalline rocks of, 30, 103
Cretaceous rocks of, 145, 147
volcanic hills of, 31, 262
Muri sandstones, 153
Nassarawa, province of, 26
scenery of, 27–30
central plain of, 28
northern tableland of, 29, 39
crystalline rocks of, 100
Nepheline basalt, 255
syenite, 259
Nigeria, Northern, area of, 1
boundaries of, 1
provinces of, 2
headquarters of, 2
physical features of, 2
hydrographical systems of, 3
hydrographical centre of, 3, 40
recent origin of river system of, 240–243
crystalline rocks of, 63
Cretaceous rocks of, 144
Eocene rocks of, 164
superficial accumulations of, 194
mineral resources of, 265
Niger, the, 4 _et seq._
watersheds of, 3, 4, 19, 36
tributaries of, 5
gorge above Lokoja, 7
sandstone plateaux of, 7
gorge between Jebba and Yelwa, 8
rapids of, 9
establishment of present course of, 241
relation of scenery to character of rocks, 242
recent origin of Niger valley, 243
Ningi hills, 44
Ningi massif, 102
Nodules, phosphatic, in Turonian limestones, 156
in Eocene limestones, 166
Nupe, scenery of, 23
crystalline rocks of, 98
Odouape, granite and gneisses, 80
Olle, 114
Okoro, 77
Okuruku granite, 126
quartz magnetite rock of, 81, 115
Okwa river, 28
Orissa hills, 19, 76
Petrography, of gneisses and schists, 108
of intrusive rocks, 119
of early Tertiary lavas, 254
of later Tertiary lavas, 262
petrographical provinces, 263
Phonolites of Northern Nigeria, 256
Phyllites, of Bussa, 71
of Ngashki, 73
of Sokoto, 86–8
of Zungeru belt, 93–5
petrography of, 112
Porphyries, 137
Porphyrites, 138–9
Quartzites, of Jebba, 70
of Maibirro, 73
of Lukke, 78
of Kazaure, 89
of Zungeru, 93
petrography of, 113
River system of Northern Nigeria recent origin of, 233, 241
Salt, 265
in western Muri, 148
in eastern Muri, 151
between Putu and Tangalto, 158
vegetable salt of Bornu 267
Shappa hills, 19, 76
Shebshi hills, 30, 32
Silurian rocks of Sahara, 121
Sokoto, province of, 60
dallols of, 61, 242, 250
crystalline rocks of, 86
Eocene rocks of, 165
Superficial accumulations of Nigeria, 194
of West Africa, 226
Surface ironstones of Borgu, 20, 199
of Bauchi and Zaria, 199
platforms of, 200
occurring upon drifted alluvium, 205
mode of formation, 205–211
period of formation, 211
absence in Bornu, Katagum and Gongola valley, 215
vesicular character of, 199
lustrous surface of, 199
irregular distribution of, 209
Syenites of Bauchi, 135
Syenite porphyries, 138
Tabachi, 73
Tagum hills, 52, 179
Tangale hills, 47, 48
Peak, 49
Tinstone, in eastern Ilorin, 77, 131
in eastern Zaria, 98
in Bauchi, 103
in pegmatites, 131
in alkaline granites, 134
in plateau drift, 203
economic development of, 270
Tongolan, 176
Tourmaline, in quartzites, 70
in quartz veins, 72, 73
in pegmatites, 76, 82, 99
in granites, 85, 99, 130
in slaty schists, 88
associated with younger granites, 129
schorl rocks, 131
Trachytes of Bussa, 72, 115
Traverses, typical, 64
Ture Peak, 49
Upper Benue sandstones, 155, 184
relation to crystalline rocks, 184
unconformable upon Cretaceous, 188
cross-bedding in, 187
mode of formation, 187, 190
Valleys, canyon, of Bauchi, 46, 244
flat-bottomed valleys of Sokoto, 61, 242
shallow valleys of Borgu, 20
of Hausaland, 22, 57
canyon, of Kontagora, 23, 242
canyon of Duguri, 48, 244
trench-like, of Kerri Kerri, 56
interlacing valleys of Kerri Kerri, 56, 245
Vere hills, 14, 34, 105, 247
Volcanic hills of Muri, 12, 31, 260
of Yola, 13, 35, 260
Barbur volcanic plateau, 51, 257
volcanic agglomerate of Maradu, 60, 88, 254
Morrua volcanic plateau, 100, 203
absence of pre-Tertiary volcanic rocks, 253
character of Tertiary volcanic eruptions, 254
early Tertiary volcanic period, 254
later Tertiary volcanic period, 259
Wase river, 39, 45
Wase rock, 31
phonolite of, 256
Watersheds, primary, 3, 36, 40
character of, 36, 40, 241
Weathering: absence of weathered crust upon rocks of Sudan, 195
dry weathering not a potent factor in denudation, 199
former sheet of weathered rock in Nigeria, 201
Wuru, Great Rapid of, 8, 9
Wurkum hills, 30
Yo river, 4, 234
Yola, eastern, 230
scenery of, 32–5
southern plateau of, 32, 104, 227
volcanic hills of, 13, 35, 260
crystalline rocks of, 103
Cretaceous rocks of, 154
Eocene rocks of, 184
Zaria, province of, 35
scenery of, 37
hills of, 36
crystalline rocks of, 93–98
plains of, 38
vesicular ironstone of, 200
drift of, 197
Zungeru, 2, 35
quartzites and schists of, 93
* * * * *
ERRATUM.
p. 203, line 13, for “larvas” _read_ “lavas.”
RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED, BREAD STREET HILL, E.C., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
Compiled by Dr. J. D. FALCONER.
London. Macmillan & Co., Ltd.]
Transcriber's note:
The change in the ERRATUM has been made.
Page 6, Changed: "down on either si de, a n from" to: "side, and"
Page 45, One ref. to footnote missing. Ref. "2" treated as ref. to ftn. 13, and a ref. to ftn. 14 placed after "the plains of Yergum."
Page 49, Changed: "those which form the the western boundary" to: "form the western"
Page 115, Changed: "may be recognised all the familar stages" to: "familiar"
Page 122, Changed: "comparision which M. Chudeau" to: "comparison"
Page 123, Changed: "the epidorites, amphibolites, and granulites" to: "epidiorites"
Page 151, Changed: "Gateri but the the associated rocks" to: "but the associated"
Page 154, Changed: "corrugation ofthea whole series of gently" to: "of the whole"
Page 154, Changed: "limestones of the Kudu vlley" to: "valley"
Page 167, Changed: "limestones, however, no here form thick" to: "nowhere"
Page 207, footnote 121, Changed: "De Lapparent, _Traité des Geologie_" to: "_Traité de Géologie_"
Page 232, Changed: "that lacustrune conditions prevailed" to: "lacustrine"
Page 233, footnote 150, Changed: "Passarge, _Adamana_, 1895, p. 385." to: "_Adamaua_"
Page 290, Changed: "Stroliczka" to: "Stoliczka"
Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.