[43] _Quinquennial Survey_, 1907. Vol. II. Table 180.

[44] _Quinquennial Survey_, 1907. Vol. I., p. 257.

[45] Comparative Percentages. In 1886--1.6 per cent.; in 1896--2.1 per cent.; in 1901--2.2 per cent.; in 1907--3.6 per cent.; in 1910--4.6 per cent.

[46] Schools are classified as

(_a_) Primary, including Standards I to IV.

(_b_) Vernacular Middle, including Standards I to VII.

(_c_) Anglo-Vernacular Middle or Middle English, including Standards I to VII. English taught from Standard IV.

(_d_) High, including Standards I to X. English taught from Standard IV and used as a medium in the higher stages.

This classification varies somewhat in the different provinces, especially as to the age for using English as a medium. (_b_) is entirely absent from some returns. (_c_) and (_d_) are often grouped together as secondary schools.

[47] _Quinquennial Survey_. Vol. I., p. 255.

[48] _Renaissance of Girls’ Education_, A. Zimmern.

[49] _Cf_. Appendix A. for curriculum.

[50] _World Missionary Conference Report_. Vol. III. p. 51.

[51] _Cf_. Appendix B.

[52] “Marriage in Burma is simply concubinage, which may terminate at the desire of either party.” _Christian Missions in Burma_. W. C. B. Purser.

[53] _Public Instruction Report, Burma_, 1910.

[54] _Public Instruction Report, Burma_, 1910.

[55] _Missions in Burma_, p. 13. W. C. Purser.

[56] _Burma_. M. and B. Ferrars.

[57] _Report of Public Instruction in Burma_, 1910, p. 41.

[58] Dramatic tales with pointed moral. The “Pyazats,” the modern development thereof are popular burlesque plays, performed at festivals. _Cf_. _Burma_. Sir George Scott.

[59] _Public Instruction Report_, p. 18.

[60] _Cf_. p. 66.

[61] This was written before the Durbar Proclamation on the further re-adjustment of Bengal areas. Calcutta is now the capital of the Bengali-speaking districts.

[62] White veil with eye-holes, enveloping the whole person.

[63] Mohammedans, 18 millions. Hindus, 111⁄2 millions. Animists, 11⁄4 millions. 1901 Census.

[64] This title is used of a Mohammedan woman of a ruling family, or who can prove direct descent from the Prophet.

[65] A literary caste.

[66] A literary caste, about 25 per cent. of their women are literate.

[67] Descendants probably of the original inhabitants of the district.

[68] Shloka, a particular type of Sanskrit metre, often used loosely to mean any verse of Sanskrit poetry.

[69] Patshala = school.

[70] Information throughout is chiefly drawn from _Proceedings of Female Education Committee_.

[71] Teacher.

[72] _Cf_. p. 137.

[73] 50 rupees per month in addition to 25 rupees gari-allowance is given to each governess and the pupils do not contribute much.

[74] _Indian Speeches_. Lord Curzon.

[75] Work. “It is not my work” is a common excuse.

[76] _Cf_. Note Chap. IV, p. 78.

[77] _Imperial Gazetteer of India_--Volume _Bengal_.

[78] Only 3171 in the 1901 Census.

[79] _Position of Women in Indian Life_. Her Highness the Maharani of Baroda. _Cf_. also Chap. II, p. 36.

[80_1] _Calcutta Review_, 1855.

[80_2] _Calcutta Review_, 1855.

[81] _Address on Female Education in India_, 1839, delivered by Dr Duff at the First Annual Meeting of the Scottish Ladies’ Association.

[82] Percentage of girls of school age at school.

1881 0.87 1891 1.61 1901 1.8 1910 4.3

The total number of girls under instruction is now 171,569.

_Imperial Gazetteer. Bengal Public Instruction Report_, 1910.

[83] _Imperial Gazetteer_.

[84] _Cf_. Chap. II, p. 36.

[85] _Cf_. Chap. IX.

[86] The Goddess of Learning. On her festival, students will pile their books and inkpots before the shrines in their colleges for special blessing.

[87] Worship.

[88] Lady, a title of respect.

[89] _Report of the Mahakali Patshala_.

[90] 1911 Census. _Statistical Abstract of British India_.

[91] A school under the English Code, where only 15 per cent. of the pupils may be of Indian parentage.

[92] _Bengal Public Instruction Report_, 1910.

[93] _Cf_. Chap. VIII.

[94] Inspectress’s Report.

[95] _Public Instruction Report, United Provinces_, 1910.

[96] _Cf_. _Young India and the Education of Girls_, E. R. M’Neile (C.M.S.).

[97] Formed from Statistical Tables III and IIIA. _in Public Instruction Report for United Provinces_, 1910.

[98] _Cf_. _The Renaissance in India_, C. F. Andrews.

[99] _Public Instruction Report, United Provinces_, p. 34.

[100] _Public Instruction Report, Panjāb_, 1910.

[101] _Cf_. p. 178.

[102] _Female Education in North India. East and West_, January 1911. M. P. Western, Principal, Victoria May School.

[103] The prospectus of the Conjeevaram School (South India) presents several unique features. The Hindus consider it their best school. A visit was, unfortunately, impossible.

[104] _Administrative Problems of British India_, book ii., chap. i. J. Chailley.

[105] Chief minister.

[106] _Public Instruction Report, Bombay_, 1910, p. 24.

[107] _Imperial Gazetteer of India_.

[108] The great “war-sacrifice of honourable death” practised by the Rajputs. When resistance was unavailing, they chose death in battle rather than surrender.

[109] From _The Land of the Princes_, Gabrielle Festing.

[110] _Imperial Gazetteer_.

[111] _Statistical Abstract of British India_, 1911. Approximate figures.

[112] Asoka, ruler of India, +B.C.+ 272-231. He is known as the Constantine of Buddhism.

[113] A society similar to the Brāhma-Samāj, but less organized and not so strong numerically. _Cf_. _New Ideas in India_. Morrison.

[114] There are also 190 girls studying in the High Stage of 12 of the schools classified for various reasons as Middle.

[115] High and Middle schools which have a Primary Department are included again in the returns of Primary schools.

[116] _Public Instruction Report, Bombay_, Table IIIA.

[117] “English-teaching” schools form a special category in the Bombay Presidency. There is no limitation to the number of Indian pupils, and they are not bound by the Anglo-Vernacular Code. _Cf_. p. 179.

[118] Hindu ladies attended first about 1863 in response to special efforts made on their behalf by Lady Frere.

[119] Farthings.

[120] Detailed information can be obtained in the reports of the various societies. There are 26 Protestant societies in the Presidency, most of whom have educational work for girls.

[121] _Cf_. _Life of Pandita Ramabai_, Helen Dyer.

[122] _Public Instruction Report, Bombay_, 1910, p. 27.

[123] _Public Instruction Report, Bombay_, p. 27.

[124] _Ibid_., p. 18.

[125] _Public Instruction Report, Bombay_, p. 29.

[126] _Public Instruction Report, Bombay_, p. 16.

[127] There are in addition three Training Colleges.

[128] Approximate number only.

[129] _Cf_. also _Statistical Abstract, British India_, Table 105.

[130] Dr Mackichan, in Preface to Ratanbai’s Translation of _Les Parsis_.

[131] F.A.--title given to those who have passed the First Arts examination, corresponding to “Intermediate.” It is abolished by some of the Universities. _Cf_. p. 116.

[132] Now married to Pandit Keshavan.

[133] _Administrative Problems of British India_. J. Chailley.

[134] _Indian Unrest_. V. Chirol.

[135] _Administrative Problems_. J. Chailley.

[136] _Indian Unrest_. Chirol.

[137] _Cf_. Report from Secr. M.S.U.W., 74 Denison House, Vauxhall Bridge Road, London.

[138] _Public Instruction Report_, Bombay, 1910.

[139] There are at present in hospital work in India 47 women medicals of the first grade (including English women), 92 assistant surgeons, and 67 hospital assistants, practitioners, etc. _Cf_. _Report of the Countess of Dufferin’s Fund_, 1911.

[140] _Quinquennial Report_, vol. i.

[141] Founded in 1884, the total value of hospital buildings connected with the Fund is now 50 lakhs. 90 students are in receipt of stipends. _Cf_. Report.

[142] _A Problem and its Solution_, E. M. Brown, M.A., M.D. (Procurable from 36 Fairfield Road, Bromley, Kent.)

[143] Further hospital practice might be available in Ludhiana.

[144] The Y.W.C.A. has student branches in these hostels.

[145] _Bombay Public Instruction Report_, 1910.

[146] Exceptions exist in the Diocesan College, Calcutta, in the case of non-residents.

[147] _Indian Ladies’ Magazine_.

[148] Alice Zimmern on the aims of the Girton pioneers in _Renaissance of Girls’ Education_.

[149] _Position of Women in Indian Life_, by Her Highness the Maharani of Baroda.

[150] _Renaissance of Girls’ Education_. A. Zimmern.

[151] _Unrest and Education in India_. Wm. Miller, D.D., LL.D., C.I.E.

[152] Despatches on Christianity in India--Sir John Lawrence (_Times_ Reprint).

[153] Despatch of the Secretary of State, 1859.

[154] “King George and the Hindoos,” _XIX Century_, January 1912.

[155] _Allahabad Conference Report_, 1911.

[156] G. K. Gokhale.

[157] _Indian Unrest_. Sir Valentine Chirol.

[158] The quotation is from a verbal translation given during the visit to the school.

[159] _Quinquennial Report_, vol. i. p. 257.

[160] _Unrest and Education in India_. Wm. Miller, D.D., LL.D., C.I.E.

[161] _Allahabad Conference Report_, 1911.

[162] _International Review of Missions_, January 1912. Article by T. Gairdner.

[163] The Aim of Educational Missions. _East and West_, January 1912. W. E. S. Holland.

[164] _Student Movement_, 1911, Article by S. K. Rudra.

[165] Cp. on this _The Renaissance in India_, C. F. Andrews.

[166] _Christianity and the New Idealism_, Rudolf Eucken.