THE REGAL VESTMENTS
Their importance in the Coronation Ceremony--Essentially the same now as in ancient reigns--Charles II.--James II.--Portions of their Vestments described--Queen Victoria’s Vestments--A Queen’s Vestments described--The Imperial Mantle--The Vestments of Edward VII. and of George V.
The importance that has always attached to the vestments used in the coronation ceremony of our sovereigns is evident from all the accounts of the coronations that still exist. In the _Liber Regalis_ at Westminster the colobium sindonis, the dalmatic, the stole and the mantle, all of them ecclesiastical, are categorically mentioned (cf. p. 1.). In Sir Edward Walker’s _Preparation for His Majesty’s Coronation_, the vestments used at the coronation of Charles II. are shown to have consisted essentially of the same garments differing in the ornamentation only (cf. p. 7.).
The vestments are clearly figured: the supertunica, or dalmatic, has only a floral pattern upon it (Fig. 49); the armilla, also, only has a floral pattern, but there is a cross-patée at each end, and ribbons for tying it (Fig. 50). The imperial mantle is embroidered with floral sprays arranged in ovals, as in the existing mantle of Queen Victoria, and bears eagles, roses, fleurs-de-lys and coronets (Fig. 51).
II. AT HIS CORONATION.]
HIS CORONATION.]
The vestments used by James II. again show the use of the same general design in the three chief items as before. These are fully described and figured in Francis Sandford’s _History of the Coronation of James II._, and are figured on the first plate. The imperial mantle has floral sprays arranged in ovals as already described, and also eagles, coronets, fleurs-de-lys and roses (Fig. 52). The supertunica of cloth of gold has still only floral sprays upon it (Fig. 53). There is also a curious surcoat of crimson satin with openings left for the inunction (Fig. 54). The armilla bears a rose as a centre ornament, and is further adorned with eagles, roses, coronets and fleurs-de-lys (Fig. 55).
The vestments that were used at the coronation of Queen Victoria are now in charge of an officer called the Keeper of the Robes, and are kept at St. James’s Palace. They consist, like the vestments we have just mentioned, of the
Colobium Sindonis, Dalmatic, Stole, Imperial Mantle,
and to a considerable extent they preserve the ancient forms and designs of ornamentation.
HIS CORONATION.]
BY JAMES II. AT HIS CORONATION.]
The colobium sindonis, the first vestment put upon the sovereign after the anointing, represents the alb of a priest, or the rochet of a bishop. It is a sleeveless garment of soft fine linen, edged with lace, and with a deep lace flounce of nine inches in depth (Fig. 56). It is open at the side, and cut low at the neck, also edged all round with lace. It is gathered in at the waist and opens on the left shoulder, fastening with three small buttons. Upon the right shoulder are three sham buttons to match. At the coronation a thick gold cord with heavy bullion tassels is worn at the waist over the “colobium,” corresponding to the girdle of the alb.
HIS CORONATION.]
ANOINTING ON BOTH SHOULDERS AND ON THE BEND OF THE ARMS AND AT THE BACK--WITH CRIMSON TAFFETA TIES. WORN BY JAMES II. AT HIS CORONATION.]
CORONATION.]
The dalmatic, or supertunica, is put on after the colobium sindonis. It is a long jacket of cloth of gold, with wide pointed sleeves, without any fastening at all. The edges are all trimmed with gold lace. The design, woven into the cloth of gold, is a wavy pattern of palm leaves, outlined green, enclosing at regular intervals pink roses with green leaves, green shamrocks, and purple thistles. All these designs are in very pale colours, and the effect of them when the cloth of gold is moved is very delicate and beautiful. It is lined throughout with rose-coloured silk (Fig. 57).
The stole now, in religious ceremonies, succeeds the alb immediately; but, in the coronation service, it succeeds the dalmatic, as it did in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and it is so worn now by the Greek and Russian deacons. So here our kings preserve an ancient custom which the Western Church has lost. The stole was used at one time crossed over the breast, and one was found on the body of Edward I., worn in this manner, when his tomb at Westminster was opened in 1774; and it certainly was worn in this fashion abroad. This is the manner in which the stole is worn by a priest, but not by a bishop, when vested for Mass. A fine example of this manner of wearing the royal stole can be seen on the beautiful bulla of the Emperor Frederick III., made in the fifteenth century. A specimen of it is now exhibited in one of the show-cases in the British Museum. The Emperor holds a sceptre in his right hand and an orb in his left.
AT HER CORONATION.]
CORONATION.]
CORONATION.]
Queen Victoria’s stole is a band of cloth of gold, three inches wide and five feet two inches long, with bullion fringe at each end. It is heavily embroidered with silver thread and a little colour. The centre ornament is a pink rose, the remaining ornaments are silver imperial eagles, silver and green shamrocks, silver, green, and purple thistles, and pink roses. Each of these emblems is divided from the next one to it by a silver coronet, and at each end is a square panel with a blue and white torse above and below, worked with a red cross of St. George on a silver ground. It is lined with rose silk, and was worn by Queen Victoria hanging from the neck and depending at each side. It will be seen that the ornaments upon this stole resemble those of both Charles II. and James II., but that they are more ornate (Fig. 58).
AT HER CORONATION.]
The Imperial mantle is the last garment to be put upon the sovereign. The mediæval rubric describes this as four-square, embroidered with golden eagles. The four corners are supposed to represent the four quarters of the globe, subject to divine power, and it is analogous to the cope of a bishop. The magnificent mantle worn by Queen Victoria is sixty-five inches long, and measures across the shoulders twenty-eight inches. It is edged all round with golden bullion fringe two and a half inches deep, and is lined with rose-coloured silk. To the upper edge is attached a gold morse or clasp, with a silver edge faceted to represent diamonds (Fig. 59). In the centre of this morse is the figure of an eagle in repoussé work, and at each of the sides a spray of rose, shamrock, and thistle similarly worked. There is a hook at the back of the neck to prevent the robe slipping. The design, woven into the cloth of gold, is a branched pattern arranged in ovals, outlined in purple silk and caught together by silver coronets and silver fleurs-de-lys alternately. In the spaces thus formed are red and white Tudor roses with green leaves, green shamrocks, purple and green thistles and silver eagles. The coloured silks used in this mantle are in stronger tints than those used on the dalmatic. It will be observed that there is a strong similarity in the general design of the ornamentation of this garment and of that used on the mantles of Charles II. and James II.
The stole of King Edward VII. was of woven gold tissue made at Spitalfields, and the ornamentation upon it was embroidered at the Royal School of Art Needlework, South Kensington. The devices upon it were the white imperial eagle, the Tudor rose, thistle and shamrock, each ensigned with a royal coronet. At each end was the red cross of St. George on a white ground.
The dalmatic was of woven gold tissue with a repeating arabesque pattern all over it in a rich brown; it had a belt of cloth of gold with a gold buckle. It was made at Spitalfields.
At Spitalfields also was made the splendid mantle of King Edward VII., of cloth of gold richly embroidered at the Royal School of Art Needlework. A thin scroll of laurel is arranged over the whole surface of the mantle, leaving open spaces in each of which is enclosed one or other of the national badges: the white eagle, the Tudor rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the royal crown or the white lotus of India. In all cases white is correctly heraldically represented in silver. The morse is of cloth of gold, with the device of an imperial eagle in the centre flanked by two rose sprays.
The stole of King George V. has the same emblems upon it as those of Queen Victoria and King Edward VII., with the addition of the white lotus of India and the red dragon of Wales. It was made at Spitalfields and embroidered.
The dalmatic has wide sleeves and is made of cloth of gold; it has also a girdle with flat gold buckles. It was made at Spitalfields.
The mantle of George IV. was used again by George V. It was also made at Spitalfields, and is a beautiful example of the weaving done there by the descendants of the French Huguenot refugees who settled there on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. It is of cloth of gold, the designs of roses, thistles and shamrock being woven with it. The morse is in the form of a golden eagle (Fig. 60).
BY GEORGE V.]
THE END
APPENDIX A
LIST OF THE CROWN JEWELS AND PLATE IN THE JEWEL HOUSE, TOWER OF LONDON, A.D. 1919
I. _Crowns and Diadem_--
1. King Edward the Confessor’s Crown 2. The Imperial State Crown 3. The Imperial Indian Crown 4. Crown of Queen Mary of Modena 5. Crown of Queen Mary, Consort of King George V. 6. Diadem of Queen Mary of Modena 7. Crown of the Prince of Wales
II. _Sceptres and Staff_--
1. The King’s Royal Sceptre 2. The King’s Sceptre with the Dove, or Rod of Equity 3. The Queen’s Sceptre with the Cross 4. The Queen’s Sceptre with the Ivory Dove 5. James I. Sceptre with the Dove 6. St Edward’s Staff
III. _Orbs_--
1. The King’s Orb 2. The Queen’s Orb
IV. _Rings_--
1. The King’s Coronation Ring 2. The Queen’s Coronation Ring 3. Queen Victoria’s Coronation Ring
V. _Swords_--
1. The King’s Jewelled State Sword 2. The King’s Sword of State 3. The Sword Spiritual 4. The Sword Temporal 5. “Curtana” or the Sword of Mercy
VI. _Spurs and Bracelets_--
1. St. George’s gold spurs 2. Gold bracelets
VII. _Maces_--
1. Charles II. 2. do. 3. James II. 4. do. 5. William and Mary 6. do. 7. do. 8. George I.
VIII. _Ecclesiastical Plate_--
1. The Ampulla 2. The Anointing Spoon 3. The Royal Baptismal Font (Charles II.) 4. Alms Dish (Charles II.) 5. Flagon (William and Mary) 6. Alms Dish do.
IX. _State Trumpets and Banners_--
1. Fifteen State Trumpets 2. Twenty Bannerets
X. _Royal Plate_--
1. Queen Elizabeth’s Salt-cellar 2. Charles II.’s Salt-cellar. (State-cellar) 3. do. 4. do. 5. do. 6. do. 7. do. 8. do. 9. do. 10. do. 11. do. 12. do. 13. do. 14. Charles II.’s Wine Fountain 15. Twelve Salt Spoons 16. Two Tankards (George IV.)
XI. _Other Plate and Valuables_--
1. The Maundy Dish 2. George IV.’s Monde 3. Model of Koh-i-Nur Diamond, with original setting 4. Model of Cullinan Diamond (the Star of Africa), as found 5. Steel hammer and chisel, used in cutting the Cullinan Diamond
APPENDIX B
THE CORONATION SERVICE
(SUCH PORTIONS AS ARE CONCERNED WITH THE REGALIA)
THE PREPARATION
_In the morning upon the day of the Coronation early, care is to be taken that the_ Ampulla _be filled with Oil and, together with the_ Spoon, _be laid ready upon the Altar in the Abbey Church_.
THE LITANY
_The Noblemen who carry in procession the_ Regalia, _except those who carry the Swords, come near to the Altar, and present in order every one what he carries to the Archbishop, who delivers them to the Dean of_ Westminster, _to be by him placed upon the Altar, and then retire to the places appointed for them_.
THE OATH
[Sidenote: The Oath.]
_The Sermon being ended, and his Majesty having, in the presence of the Two Houses of Parliament, made and signed the Declaration, the Archbishop goeth to the King, and standing before him, administers the Coronation Oath, first asking the King_,
Sir, is your Majesty willing to take the Oath?
_And the King answering_,
I am willing.
_The Archbishop ministereth these questions; and the King, having a Book in his hands, answers each Question severally as follows_:
_Archb._ Will you solemnly promise and swear to govern the People of this United Kingdom of _Great Britain_ and _Ireland_, and the Dominions thereto belonging, according to the Statutes in Parliament agreed on, and the respective Laws and Customs of the same?
_King._ I solemnly promise so to do.
_Archb._ Will you to your power cause Law and Justice, in Mercy, to be executed in all your Judgments?
_King._ I will.
_Archb._ Will you to the utmost of your power maintain the Laws of God, the true Profession of the Gospel, and the Protestant Reformed Religion established by Law? And will you maintain and preserve inviolably the Settlement of the Church of _England_, and the Doctrine, Worship, Discipline, and Government thereof, as by Law established in _England_? And will you preserve unto the Bishops and Clergy of _England_, and to the Church therein committed to their charge, all such Rights and Privileges, as by Law do or shall appertain to them, or any of them?
_King._ All this I promise to do.
[Sidenote: The Bible to be brought.]
_Then the King arising out of his Chair, supported as before, and assisted by the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Sword of State being carried before him, shall go to the Altar, and there being uncovered, make his Solemn Oath in the sight of all the People, to observe the Premisses: Laying his right hand upon the Holy Gospel in the Great Bible, which is now brought from the Altar by the Archbishop, and tendered to him as he kneels upon the steps, saying these words_:
The things which I have here before promised, I will perform, and keep. So help me God.
[Sidenote: And a Silver Standish.]
_Then the King kisseth the Book, and signeth the_ Oath.
THE ANOINTING
_The King having thus taken his Oath, returns again to his Chair, and kneeling at his Faldstool, the Archbishop beginneth the Hymn_, Veni Creator Spiritus, _and the Choir singeth it out_.
_This being ended, the Archbishop saith this Prayer_:
[Sidenote: _Here the Archbishop lays his hand upon the_ Ampulla.]
O LORD, Holy Father, who by anointing with Oil didst of old make and consecrate kings, priests, and prophets, to teach and govern thy people Israel: Bless and sanctify thy chosen servant GEORGE, who by our office and ministry is now to be anointed with this Oil, and consecrated King of this Realm: Strengthen him, O Lord, with the Holy Ghost the Comforter; Confirm and stablish him with thy free and princely Spirit, the Spirit of wisdom and government, the Spirit of counsel and ghostly strength, the Spirit of knowledge and true godliness, and fill him, O Lord, with the Spirit of thy holy fear, now and for ever. _Amen._
_This Prayer being ended, the Choir singeth_:
ANTHEM
[Sidenote: 1 Kings i. 39, 40.]
Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet anointed Solomon king; and all the people rejoiced and said: God save the king, Long live the king, May the king live for ever. Amen. Hallelujah.
_In the meantime, the King, rising from his devotions, having been disrobed of his Crimson Robes by the Lord Great Chamberlain, and having taken off his Cap of State,[5] goes before the Altar, supported and attended as before._
_The King sits down in King Edward’s Chair (placed in the midst of the_ Area _over against the Altar, with a Faldstool before it), wherein he is to be anointed. Four Knights of the Garter (summoned by Garter King of Arms) hold over him a rich Pall of Silk, or Cloth of Gold, delivered to them by the Lord Chamberlain: The Dean of_ Westminster, _taking the_ Ampulla _and_ Spoon _from off the Altar, holdeth them ready, pouring some of the Holy Oil into the Spoon, and with it the Archbishop anointeth the King in the form of a Cross_:
1. _On the Crown of the Head, saying_:
Be thy Head anointed with Holy Oil, as kings, priests, and prophets were anointed.
2. _On the Breast, saying_:
Be thy Breast anointed with Holy Oil.
3. _On the Palms of both the Hands, saying_:
Be thy Hands anointed with Holy Oil:
And as Solomon was anointed king by Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet, so be you anointed, blessed, and consecrated King over this People, whom the Lord your God hath given you to rule and govern. In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.
_Then the Dean of_ Westminster _layeth the_ Ampulla _and_ Spoon _upon the Altar, and the King kneeleth down at the Faldstool, and the Archbishop, standing, saith this Prayer or Blessing over him_:
Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who by his Father was anointed with the Oil of gladness above his fellows, by his Holy Anointing pour down upon your Head and Heart the blessing of the Holy Ghost, and prosper the works of your Hands: that by the assistance of his heavenly grace you may preserve the people committed to your charge in wealth, peace, and godliness; and after a long and glorious course of ruling this temporal kingdom wisely, justly, and religiously, you may at last be made partaker of an eternal kingdom, through the merits of Jesus Christ our Lord. _Amen._
_This Prayer being ended, the King arises and resumes his seat in King Edward’s Chair, while the Knights of the Garter give back the Pall to the Lord Chamberlain; whereupon the King again arising, the Dean of_ Westminster _puts upon his Majesty the_ Colobium Sindonis _and the_ Supertunica _or_ Close Pall of Cloth of Gold, _together with a_ Girdle _of the same_.
THE PRESENTING OF THE SPURS AND SWORD, AND THE GIRDING AND OBLATION OF THE SAID SWORD
[Sidenote: The Spurs.]
_The_ Spurs _are brought from the Altar by the Dean of_ Westminster, _and delivered to the Lord Great Chamberlain, who, kneeling down, touches his Majesty’s heels therewith, and sends them back to the Altar_.
[Sidenote: The Sword of State returned.]
[Sidenote: Another Sword brought.]
_Then the Lord, who carries the_ Sword of State, _delivering the said Sword to the Lord Chamberlain (which is thereupon deposited in the Traverse in Saint_ Edward’s _Chapel) he receives from the Lord Chamberlain, in lieu thereof, another_ Sword, _in a_ Scabbard _of_ Purple Velvet, _provided for the King to be girt withal, which he delivereth to the Archbishop; and the Archbishop, laying it on the Altar, saith the following Prayer_:
Hear our prayers, O Lord, we beseech thee, and so direct and support thy servant King GEORGE, who is now to be girt with this Sword, that he may not bear it in vain; but may use it as the minister of God for the terror and punishment of evildoers, and for the protection and encouragement of those that do well, through Jesus Christ our Lord. _Amen._
[Sidenote: Delivered to the King.]
_Then the Archbishop takes the_ Sword _from off the Altar, and (the Archbishop of_ York _and the Bishops of_ London _and_ Winchester _and other Bishops assisting, and going along with him) delivers it into the King’s Right Hand, and he holding it, the Archbishop saith_:
Receive this Kingly Sword, brought now from the Altar of God, and delivered to you by the hands of us the Bishops and servants of God, though unworthy.
[Sidenote: Girt about the King.]
_The King standing up, the_ Sword _is girt about him by the Lord Great Chamberlain; and then, the King sitting down, the Archbishop saith_:
With this Sword do justice, stop the growth of iniquity, protect the Holy Church of God, help and defend widows and orphans, restore the things that are gone to decay, maintain the things that are restored, punish and reform what is amiss, and confirm what is in good order: that doing these things you may be glorious in all virtue; and so faithfully serve our Lord Jesus Christ in this life, that you may reign for ever with him in the life which is to come.
[Sidenote: Offered and redeemed.]
_Then the King, rising up, ungirds his Sword, and, going to the Altar, offers it there in the Scabbard, and then returns and sits down in King Edward’s Chair: and the Peer, who first received the Sword, offereth the price of it, and having thus redeemed it, receiveth it from the Dean of_ Westminster, _from off the Altar, and draweth it out of the Scabbard, and carries it naked before his Majesty during the rest of the solemnity_.
_Then the Bishops who had assisted during the offering return to their places._
THE INVESTING WITH THE _ARMILLA_ AND IMPERIAL MANTLE, AND THE DELIVERY OF THE ORB
[Sidenote: The Armilla and Imperial Mantle.]
[Sidenote: The Orb.]
_Then the King arising, the_ Armilla _and_ Imperial Mantle _or_ Pall of Cloth of Gold, _are by the Master of the Robes delivered to the Dean of_ Westminster, _and by him put upon the King, standing; the Lord Great Chamberlain fastening the Clasps: The King sits down, and then the_ Orb _with the_ Cross _is brought from the Altar by the Dean of_ Westminster, _and delivered into the King’s hand by the Archbishop, pronouncing this Blessing and Exhortation_:
Receive this Imperial Robe, and Orb; and the Lord your God endue you with knowledge and wisdom, with majesty and with power from on high; the Lord cloath you with the Robe of Righteousness, and with the garments of salvation. And when you see this Orb set under the Cross, remember that the whole world is subject to the Power and Empire of Christ our Redeemer.
_The King delivers his Orb to the Dean of_ Westminster, _to be by him laid on the Altar_.
THE INVESTITURE _PER ANNULUM ET BACULUM_
[Sidenote: The Ring.]
_Then the Officer of the Jewel House delivers the King’s_ Ring _to the Archbishop, in which a Table Jewel is enchased; the Archbishop puts it on the Fourth Finger of his Majesty’s Right Hand, and saith_:
Receive this Ring, the ensign of Kingly Dignity, and of Defence of the Catholic Faith; and as you are this day solemnly invested in the government of this earthly kingdom, so may you be sealed with that Spirit of promise, which is the earnest of an heavenly inheritance, and reign with him who is the blessed and only Potentate, to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen.
_Then the Dean of_ Westminster _brings the_ Sceptre _with the_ Cross _and the_ Sceptre _with the_ Dove _to the Archbishop_.
[Sidenote: The Glove.]
_The_ Glove, _presented by the Lord of the Manor of_ Worksop, _being put on, the Archbishop delivers the_ Sceptre _with the_ Cross _into the King’s Right Hand saying_:
Receive the Royal Sceptre, the ensign of Kingly Power and Justice.
_And then he delivers the_ Sceptre _with the_ Dove _into the King’s Left Hand, and saith_:
RECEIVE the Rod of Equity and Mercy: and God, from whom all holy desires, all good counsels, and all just works do proceed, direct and assist you in the administration and exercise of all those powers which he hath given you. Be so merciful that you be not too remiss; so execute Justice that you forget not Mercy. Punish the wicked, protect and cherish the just, and lead your people in the way wherein they should go.
_The Lord of the Manor of_ Worksop _supports his Majesty’s Right Arm._
THE PUTTING ON OF THE CROWN
[Sidenote: St. _Edward’s_ Crown.]
_The Archbishop, standing before the Altar, taketh the_ Crown _into his hands, and laying it again before him upon the Altar, saith_:
[Sidenote: _Here the King must be put in mind to bow his Head._]
O God, the Crown of the faithful: Bless we beseech thee and sanctify this thy servant GEORGE our King: and as thou dost this day set a Crown of pure Gold upon his Head, so enrich his Royal Heart with thine abundant grace, and crown him with all princely virtues, through the King Eternal Jesus Christ our Lord. _Amen._
[Sidenote: The King Crowned.]
_Then the King sitting down in King Edward’s Chair, the Archbishop, assisted with other Bishops, comes from the Altar; the Dean of_ Westminster _brings the_ Crown, _and the Archbishop taking it of him reverently putteth it upon the King’s Head. At the sight whereof the People, with loud and repeated shouts, cry_, God save the King; _the Peers and the Kings of Arms put on their Coronets; and the Trumpets sound, and by a Signal given, the great Guns at the_ Tower _are shot off._
_The Acclamation ceasing, the Archbishop goeth on and saith_:
Be strong and of a good courage: Observe the commandments of God, and walk in his holy ways: Fight the good fight of faith, and lay hold on eternal life; that in this world you may be crowned with success and honour, and when you have finished your course, receive a Crown of Righteousness, which God the righteous Judge shall give you in that day.
_Then the Choir singeth_:
Be strong and play the man: Keep the commandments of the Lord thy God, and walk in his ways.
THE PRESENTING OF THE HOLY BIBLE
[Sidenote: The Bible.]
_Then shall the Dean of_ Westminster _take the_ Holy Bible _from off the Altar, and deliver it to the Archbishop, who shall present it to the King, first saying these words to him_:
Our Gracious King; we present you with this Book, the most valuable thing that this world affords. Here is Wisdom; This is the Royal Law; These are the lively Oracles of God.
_Then the King delivers back the Bible to the Archbishop, who gives it to the Dean of_ Westminster, _to be reverently placed again upon the Holy Altar; and the Archbishops and Bishops return to their places_.
THE INTHRONIZATION
_The_ Te Deum _being ended, the King is lifted up into his Throne by the Archbishops and Bishops, and other Peers of the Kingdom; and being_ Inthronized, _or placed therein, all the Great Officers, those that bear the Swords and the Sceptres, and the Nobles who had borne the other Regalia, stand round about the steps of the Throne; and the Archbishop standing before the King saith_:
Stand firm, and hold fast from henceforth the Seat and State of Royal and Imperial Dignity, which is this day delivered unto you, in the Name and by the authority of Almighty God, and by the hands of us the Bishops and servants of God, though unworthy: And as you see us to approach nearer to God’s Altar, so vouchsafe the more graciously to continue to us your Royal favour and protection. And the Lord God Almighty, whose Ministers we are, and the Stewards of his Mysteries, establish your Throne in righteousness, that it may stand fast for evermore, like as the sun before him and as the faithful witness in heaven. _Amen._
FOOTNOTES:
[5] The Cap of State was put on at the beginning of the Sermon.
APPENDIX C
KEEPERS OF THE REGALIA[6]
1. Abbot and Monks of Westminster, 1042-66, in the reign of Edward the Confessor.
2. First official Keeper of the Regalia, 1216, in the reign of Henry III.
3. Bishop of Carlisle, 1230, in the reign of Henry III.
4. John de Flete, 1337, in the reign of Edward III.
5. Robert de Mildenhall, 1347, in the reign of Edward III.
6. Thomas Chitterne, 1418, in the reign of Henry VI.
7. Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, in the reign of Henry VIII.
8 & 9. “The two Carys,” both Privy Councillors.
10. Marquis of Winchester, 1553, in the reign of Edward VI.
11. Sir Henry Mildmay, in the reign of Charles I. and interregnum.
12. Sir Gilbert Talbot, 1661 to 1691, in the reigns of Charles II., James II., and William and Mary.
13. Talbot Edwards, Assistant Keeper, died 1674, in the reigns of Charles II. and James II.
14. Sir Francis Lawley, from 1691 to 1697, in the reign of William and Mary.
15. Heneage Mountague, from 1697 to 1698, in the reign of William and Mary.
16. Charles Godfrey, from 1698 to 1716, in the reigns of William and Mary, Queen Anne, and George I.
17. Hon. James Brudenell, from 1716 to 1730, in the reigns of George I. and George II.
18. Charles Townshend, Lord Lynn, from 1730 to 1739, in the reign of George II.
19. William Neville, Lord Abergavenny, from 1739 to 1745, in the reign of George II.
20. John Campbell, Lord Glenorchie, from 1745 to 1756, in the reign of George II.
21. Sir Richard Lyttleton, from 1756 to 1763, in the reigns of George II. and George III.
22. Henry Vane, Earl of Darlington, from 1763 to 1782, in the reign of George III.
_In 1782 the Office was suppressed and its duties transferred to the Lord Chamberlain (Stat. 22, Geo. III., c. 82). The Office was again revived in the person of Lieut.-Colonel Charles Wyndham who charged with the Scots Greys at Waterloo._
23. Lieut.-Colonel Charles Wyndham, died in 1872, in the reign of Queen Victoria.
24. Colonel John Cox Gawler, late 73rd Foot, in the reign of Queen Victoria.
25. Lieut.-General George Dean-Pitt, C.B., 1882-3, in the reign of Queen Victoria.
26. Captain Arthur John Loftus, late 10th Hussars, in the reign of Queen Victoria.
27. Lieut.-General Sir Michael Biddulph, G.C.B., in the reign of Queen Victoria.
28. Lieut.-General Sir Frederick Middleton, K.C.M.G., C.B., to 1898, in the reign of Queen Victoria.
29. General Sir Hugh Gough, V.C., G.C.B., from 1898 to 1909, in the reigns of Queen Victoria and Edward VII.
30. General Sir Robert Low, G.C.B., from 1909 to 1911, in the reign of Edward VII.
31. General Sir Arthur Wynne, G.C.B., from 1911 to 1917, in the reign of George V.
32. Major-General Sir George Younghusband, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., C.B. (present holder), 1917, in the reign of George V.
FOOTNOTES:
[6] Named at various periods “Master and Treasurer of the Jewel House,” “Keeper of the Crown Jewels,” “Keeper of the Regalia,” now named “Keeper of the Jewel House.”
INDEX
Æthelred II., coronation of, 1
Alms dish of William and Mary, 43
Ampulla, the, 34
Anointing spoon, the, 35
Arched crown, 12
---- ----, meaning of, 15
Baptismal font, the, 41
Black Prince’s ruby, 11, 20, 21, 55
Book, the Coronation, 61
Bracelets, the, 40
Charles I., coronation ring of, 17
Charles II., coronation of, 3, 8
----, new regalia made for, 8
----, vestments of, 64
Commonwealth, regalia broken up by the, 6
Coronation Book, the, 61
Coronation of Æthelred II., 1
---- ---- Charles II., 3, 8
---- ---- George IV., 3
---- ---- Queen Victoria, 2
---- ---- William and Mary, 3
---- ring of Charles I., 17
---- ---- ---- Queen Victoria, 18
---- ---- ---- William IV., 18
Coronations, order of, 1
Coronet, Prince of Wales’, 24
Cross-patée and fleur-de-lys, development of, 14
Crown, arched, 12
----, ----, meaning of, 15
Crown, Imperial, of India, 21
----, ----, ---- ----, made for George V., 22
----, ---- State, the, 19
---- new, the, 3
---- of Queen Mary of Modena, 22
---- ---- Scotland, 16
---- ---- State, the, 9
----, Prince of Wales’, 24
----, St. Edward’s, 19
----, State, of Queen Mary, 23
Crowns, queens’, 22
----, State, 16
Cullinan diamond (_see_ Star of Africa) “Curtana,” 38
Diadem of Queen Mary of Modena, 22
Earrings, Queen Elizabeth’s, 20, 58
Edward the Confessor, regalia in time of, 5
---- ---- ---- sapphire, 20, 21
Edward VII., vestments of, 69
Elizabeth, Queen, earrings of, 20, 58
Equity, rod of, 28
----, rod of justice and, 30
Flagon of William and Mary, 43
Fleur-de-lys and cross-patée, development of, 14
Font, baptismal, 41
George IV., coronation of, 3
George V., Imperial Crown of India made for, 22
----, vestments of, 70
History of the Royal orbs, 31
---- ---- ---- ---- sceptres, 25 _et seq._
Imperial Crown of India, 21
---- ---- ---- ---- made for George V., 22
---- State Crown, the, 19
India, Imperial Crown of, 21
Ivory rod, the Queen’s, 29
Jewelled sword of State, 38
James II., regalia altered for, 9
----, vestments of, 65
Justice and equity, rod of, 30
Keeper of the regalia, first appointment, 6
King’s orb, 32
---- royal sceptre with the cross, 27
---- sceptre with the dove, 28
Koh-i-nur, the, 23, 53
_Liber Regalis_, 1
Maces, the, 50
Mary of Modena, Queen, diadem of, 22
---- ---- ----, ----, crown of, 22
----, Queen, State crown of, 23
Maundy dish, the, 43
Military emblems, 3
New crown, the, 3
Orb, the, 2
----, ---- King’s, 32
----, ---- Queen’s, 33
Orbs, the royal, history of, 31
Order of the coronations, 1
Pawning of the regalia, 6
Prince of Wales’ coronet, 24
---- ---- ---- crown, 24
Queen Elizabeth’s earrings, 20, 58
---- ---- salt-cellar, 45
Queens’ crowns, 22
---- ivory rod, 29
---- orb, 33
---- sceptre with the cross, 28
---- ---- with the dove, 29
Regal vestments, the, 64
Regalia altered for James II., 9
---- broken up by the Commonwealth, 6
---- in the time of Edward the Confessor, 5
----, keeper of the, first appointment, 6
----, new, made for Charles II., 8
----, pawning of the, 6
---- removed to the Tower, 5
----, Scottish, 17
Ring, coronation, of Charles I., 17
----, ----, ---- Queen Victoria, 18
----, ----, ---- William IV., 18
Rod, ivory, the Queen’s, 29
---- of equity, 28
---- ---- justice and equity, 30
Royal crown, history of, 12
---- orbs, history of, 31
Ruby, Black Prince’s, 11, 20, 55
----,---- ----, value of, 21
St. Edward, sapphire of, 21, 57
St. Edward’s crown, 19
---- chair (_see_ Throne of England)
---- staff, 30
St. George’s salts, 47
Salt-cellar, Queen Elizabeth’s, 45
Salt of State, the, 49
Salts, St. George’s, 47
Sapphire of St. Edward, 21, 57
----, Stuart, 20, 57
Sceptre with the cross, the King’s royal, 27
Sceptre with the cross, the Queen’s, 28
---- ---- ---- dove, the King’s, 28
---- ---- ---- ----, ---- Queen’s, 29
Sceptres, earliest known, 25
----, history of the royal, 25 _et seq._
----, two kinds of, 2
Scotland, crown of, 16
Scottish regalia, 17
Sovereign, priestly and military character of the, 2
Spoon, the, 35
Spurs, the, 39
Staff, St. Edward’s, 30
Star of Africa, 19, 27, 56
State crown of Queen Mary, 23
---- crowns, 16
---- trumpets, the, 51
Stuart sapphire, 20, 57
Sword of State, jewelled, 38
Swords, the, 37 _et seq._
Throne of England, 59
Tower, regalia removed to the, 5
Trumpets, the State, 51
Vestments of Charles II., 64
---- ---- Edward VII., 69
---- ---- James II., 65
---- ---- Queen Victoria, 65
----, regal, the, 64
Victoria, Queen, coronation of, 2
----, ----, ---- ring of, 18
----, ----, vestments of, 65
William and Mary, coronation of, 3
William IV., coronation ring of, 18
Wine fountain of Charles II., 44
PRINTED BY CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, LA BELLE SAUVAGE, LONDON, E.C.4.
A list of figures in the text.
Fig. 01. Crown, with three points, bearing each a single pearl, on helmet. From penny of Æthelstan.
Fig. 02. Crown with three points, each bearing one pearl. From halfpenny of Æthelstan.
Fig. 03. Crown with three trefoils. From penny of Canute.
Fig. 04. Crown with arches, pearls, and pearled pendants. From penny of Edward the Confessor.
Fig. 05. Crown with pearled arches. From penny of Harold II.
Fig. 06. Crown with three points bearing each three pearls. From Great Seal of William I.
Fig. 07. Crown with pearled arches and pendants. From penny of William I.
Fig. 08. Crown with five points each bearing one pearl, with pearled pendants. From Great Seal of William II.
Fig. 09. Crown with three trefoils and pearled arches. From penny of Stephen.
Fig. 10. Crown with three trefoils and pearled pendants. From Great Seal of Henry I.
Fig. 11. Crown with three fleurs-de-lys, on helmet. From first Great Seal of Henry I.
Fig. 12. Crown with three fleurs-de-lys, and pearls between each. From penny of Edward I.
Fig. 13. Crown with five fleurs-de-lys, and ornamental arches with cross at the top. From the third Great Seal of Edward IV.
Fig. 14. Crown with three crosses-patée and pearls between them. From the first Seal for Foreign Affairs of Henry VI.
Fig. 15. Crown with crosses-patée alternate with fleurs-de-lys, with arched mound and cross at the top. From Great Seal of Henry VII.
Fig. 16. Crown with three fleurs-de-lys, and tall points between them, with mound and cross at the top. From groat of Henry VII.
Fig. 17. Crown with five ornamented trefoils, arched, with mound and cross at the top. From shilling of Henry VII.
Fig. 18. Crown with crosses-patée and fleurs-de-lys alternate, arched, with mound and cross at the top. From crown of Henry VIII.
Fig. 19. The state crown of William IV.
Fig. 20. The Scottish crown.
Fig. 21. The Coronation Ring of Charles I.
Fig. 22. The Coronation Ring of William IV., Edward VII. and George V.
Fig. 23. The Queen's Ring worn by Queen Adelaide and Queen Alexandra.
Fig. 24. The Coronation Ring of Queen Victoria.
Fig. 25. Sceptre with three pearls at the top. From penny of Æthelred II.
Fig. 26. Sceptre with trefoil and pearls at the top. From penny of Canute.
Fig. 27. Sceptre with cross-patée. From penny of Edward the Confessor.
Fig. 28. Sceptre with dove at the top. From the first Great Seal of Edward the Confessor.
Fig. 29. Sceptre with four pearls at the top. From penny of Harold.
Fig. 30. Sceptre with dove and mound. From the second Great Seal of Henry III.
Fig. 31. Sceptre with fleur-de-lys at the top. From the second Great Seal of Henry IV.
Fig. 32. The Royal Sceptre with the Cross before the insertion of the Star of Africa.
Fig. 33. The Royal Sceptre with the Cross showing the Star of Africa as it at present appears.
Fig. 34. Sceptre with dove, cross and mound. From Sir Edward Walker's account of the coronation of Charles II.
Fig. 35. Sceptre with cross, mound and fleur-de-lys, made for Mary of Modena, Queen-Consort of James II.
Fig. 36. Orb with cross-patée on short stem. From Great Seal of William I.
Fig. 37. Orb with dove and cross-patée on short stem. From the fourth Great Seal of Henry I.
Fig. 38. Orb with cross on tall ornamental stem. From the first Great Seal of Richard I.
Fig. 39. Orb with cross on tall ornamental stem. From the first Great Seal of Henry III.
Fig. 40. Orb with cross and mound on tall stem. From the second Great Seal of Henry III.
Fig. 41. Orb with ornamental cross on tall stem. From the Great Seal of Henry VII.
Fig. 42. Orb with ornamental cross. From the second Great Seal of Henry VII.
Fig. 43. The ampulla.
Fig. 44. The serjeants-at-arms carrying their maces. From the coronation procession of Charles II. after Wenceslaus Hollar.
Fig. 45. St. Edward's chair.
Fig. 46. Queen Victoria seated in St. Edward's chair.
Fig. 47. The kingston coronation stone.
Fig. 48. The "coronation book" of Henry I.
Fig. 49. The supertunica or dalmatic worn by Charles II. at his coronation.
Fig. 50. The armilla or stole worn by Charles II. at his coronation.
Fig. 51. Pall or royal mantle worn by Charles II. at his coronation.
Fig. 52. The pall or royal mantle of cloth of gold worn by James II. at his coronation.
Fig. 53. Supertunica or dalmatic worn by James II. at his coronation.
Fig. 54. Surcoat of crimson satin opened for the anointing on both shoulders and on the bend of the arms and at the back with crimson taffeta ties. Worn by James II. at his coronation.
Fig. 55. Armilla or stole worn by James II. at his coronation.
Fig. 56. The colobium sindonis worn by Queen Victoria at her coronation.
Fig. 57. Dalmatic worn by Queen Victoria at her coronation.
Fig. 58. Armilla or stole worn by Queen Victoria at her coronation.
Fig. 59. Pall or imperial mantle worn by Queen Victoria at her coronation.
Fig. 60. The imperial mantle of George IV., used also by George V.
Transcriber’s Notes.
Italic text is indicated with _underscores_, bold text with =equals=. Small/mixed capitals have been replaced with ALL CAPITALS.
Evident typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently. Inconsistent spelling/hyphenation has been normalised.
Half-titles and reiterations of chapter titles have been discarded.
Where convenient, short footnotes have been embedded in the text. Remaining footnotes have been sequentially numbered and relocated to the end of the relevant chapter.
To improve text flow, numbered plates have been relocated between chapters; page numbers in the list of plates have been discarded.
Black and white illustrations in the text have been relocated between paragraphs.
A list of black and white figures in the text has been compiled by the transcriber and appended to the end of the book.
Cover art created for this eBook is granted to the public domain.