VOL. II. · Studies of chess : $b Containing Caïssa, a poem, by Sir William Jones; a systematic introduction to the game; and the whole Analysis of chess

London: PRINTED FOR SAMUEL BAGSTER, NO. 81, STRAND. 1803.

_Printed by W. Smith, King Street, Seven Dials._

_Contents of the Second Volume._

PHILIDOR’S WORK CONTINUED.

PAGE The Queen’s Gambit 1 Regular Parties 33 First Regular Party 34 Second Regular Party 49 Third Regular Party 54 Fourth Regular Party 69 Fifth Regular Party 75 Sixth Regular Party 81 The Salvio Gambit—First Party 88 —————— Second Party 101 Supplements to former Games 107 Practical Mates and Ends of Parties 120 Rook and Bishop against a Rook 121 Mate with a Knight and Bishop 135 A Rook and Pawn against a Bishop 142 Mate with a Rook 148 The Queen against a Rook and Pawn 152 The Queen against a Rook 160 Rook and Pawn against a Rook 168 Queen and Pawn against a Queen 172 Drawn Game with a Pawn 181 A Knight against a Pawn 185 Two Pawns against One 187 Two separate, against Two united Pawns 194 Observations on Ends of Parties, and Powers of Pieces combined 196 The Laws of Chess 199 Games played without seeing the Board 205 —— First Match 206 —— Second Match 226 —— Third Match 244 Appendix 259

ANALYSIS OF _CHESS_.

The Queen’s Gambit,

OTHERWISE CALLED THE GAMBIT OF ALEPPO, WITH SIX BACK GAMES;

_Respectively on the Third Move of the White, the Third Move of the Black, the Fourth Move of the White, the Seventh Move of the White, the Eighth Move of the Black, and the Tenth Move of the White_.

7. W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(e) ☜ B. The bishop takes the king’s knight.(f)

8. W. The rook takes the bishop. B. The King castles.(g) ☜

9. W. The knight returns to his queen’s bishop’s 3d. B. The pawn takes the pawn.

(e) If, instead of playing your knight, in order to get rid of his king’s bishop, according to the rule prescribed in the first party, note (_c_), you had taken the gambit’s pawn, you had lost the game. The subject of the fourth back game.

(f) If, instead of taking your knight, he had played his bishop to your queen’s fourth, you might have attacked him with your king’s knight, and left him no possibility of escape.

(g) If he had pushed his queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, in order to sustain the gambit pawn, he had lost the game; (as is exemplified in the fifth back game) and if, instead of that, or the move he has adopted, he had chosen to take your king’s pawn, your taking his capturing pawn would not commit yours to his knight; because, were he to take it with his knight, he would lose the game, through a subsequent check from your queen.

1. W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. B. The same.

2. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a) B. The same.(b)

(a) This is the best place the king’s bishop can occupy in the first moves of a party; here, he batters the adverse king’s bishop’s pawn, against which the first attacks are generally formed.

(b) The black being able to play different ways, we will make different parties of it.

3. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. B. The queen at her king’s 2d square.(c) ☜

4. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(d) ☜ B. The same.(e) ☜

5. W. The queen at her king’s 2d. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(f)

(c) He prevents you from establishing two pawns a-breast, and occupying the centre. To prevent that, the black has three other ways of moving at this period, the effects of which are severally shewn, in the first back game, the supplement to the first back game, and the third back game.

(d) If you had moved this knight to your king’s second square, you would have lost the game: one object exemplified in the second back game.

(e) He would have laid a foundation for his own defeat, had he taken your pawn with his bishop: another object exemplified in the second back game.

(f) Had he attacked your king’s bishop’s pawn with his knight, it would have given you time to establish your pawns in the centre. The consequence is seen in the third back game.

6. W. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(g) ☜ B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(h)

7. W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. B. The same.(i)

8. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(k) B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.(l)

(g) If you had pushed this pawn two squares, you might have occupied the centre for a moment, but could not have remained there; as is shewn by the fourth back game.

(h) If he had moved his queen’s bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth square, you must equally have advanced your king’s rook’s pawn; you must never leave your superior pieces to the menace of the adverse bishop.

(i) The pawns have been played on both sides to prevent the bishops from becoming troublesome to the knights.

(k) When your queen’s pawn cannot be interposed to the action of the adverse king’s bishop upon your king’s bishop’s pawn, you must have your queen’s bishop in reserve, to be posted at your king’s third square; because the queen’s bishop is the only piece which can effectually be opposed to the adverse king’s bishop.

(l) If he had moved back his king’s bishop, instead of taking your bishop, he would have lost a turn: when you exchange pieces it is an advantage to take first.

9. W. The queen takes the bishop. B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.

10. W. The king’s bishop takes the bishop. B. The queen takes the bishop.(m)

11. W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. B. The same.

12. W. The king castles with his rook. B. The same.

(m): An additional advantage now appears from playing your king’s rook’s pawn at the seventh move, for he might at present attack you with his king’s knight, and afterwards play his king’s bishop’s pawn to bring the knight again into action; these hits ought to be eagerly improved, especially in parties wherein your adversary forces out your knights before your pawns.

The game is equal; the white has only, what he set out with, the move; he who can first bring his king’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing it two squares, without making any sacrifice, or deranging his pieces, will have the superiority of situation. The uniformity arises from the black player’s making his moves duplicates of the adverse moves, which he has hitherto done with propriety and success: but such a plan of counteraction is to be pursued with reserve and discrimination, and not excessively or mechanically. A player who should continue it, from this situation, having the move against him, would certainly lose.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

3. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a)

4. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. The pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜

5. W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn. B. The king takes the bishop.(c)

(a) He plays this knight to hinder you from pushing your queen’s pawn two squares. If, instead of this knight, he had played his queen’s bishop’s pawn a square, your next move might equally take place.

(b) He might have withdrawn his bishop to his queen’s knight’s third, which move will make a supplement to this back game.

(c) If he refuse to take your bishop, you must take his king’s knight, and push your queen’s knight’s pawn two squares, attacking his bishop; and afterwards push the same pawn upon his knight, in order to take the pawn with your queen’s bishop’s pawn gratuitously, instead of changing pawns.

9. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d. B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th.

10. W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. B. The king’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(c)

11. W. The queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. The queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)

(d) In this situation the black pieces have as good a game as the white; there is indeed a pawn passed and sustained on the side of the white; but this advantage is counterbalanced by the imposing attitude of the black king’s knight, who cannot be dislodged but by changing piece for piece; and in that case, the pawns of the black would unite in the centre, giving, equally to them as to the white, a passed pawn.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the White_.

4. W. King’s knight at his king’s 2d.(a) B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check.

5. W. The king takes the bishop. B. The queen at her bishop’s 4th, giving check.

6. W. The queen’s pawn covers the check. B. The queen takes the bishop.

7. W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d. B. The queen at her king’s 3d.(b)

(a) If this move did not cost you a pawn, it would undoubtedly be the most politic, as it is the most convenient place for the knight; because, here he does not obstruct the passage of the pawns. But it is sometimes expedient to obstruct the pawns with the knight, to avoid a greater disadvantage. See the supplement to this back game.

(b) The black must win the game, having the advantage of a pawn, added to a good situation.

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fourth Move of the White_.

9. W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

10. W. King’s rook at its king’s square. B. The king castles.(b)

(b) So situated the white player has the advantage, his pieces being brought out to better effect, and more conveniently arranged.

THIRD BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the Black_.

5. W. The queen at her king’s 2d. B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

6. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. The pawn takes the pawn.

7. W. The pawn takes the pawn. B. The king’s bishop gives check.

8. W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) B. The king’s knight returns to his bishop’s 3d.(b)

(a) If he take this knight with his bishop it will mend your game, because the change will bring your pawns into the centre.

(b) You might push your king’s pawn on his knight, and get two moves by so doing; but this pawn once pushed, your adversary would offer twice to change it, by pushing his queen’s pawn a square, and his king’s bishop’s pawn a square: your pawn would then remain alone and separate; it is therefore better to leave your two pawns a-breast, to avoid opening your game. In marching his knight, and retrograding, he has uselessly consumed two moves.

9. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d. B. The king castles.(c)

10. W. The king castles. B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

11. W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. B. The same.

12. W. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.(d)

(c) He castles, to attack your king’s pawn with his rook; you must therefore castle, to be ready to sustain the pawn with your counter-rook.

(d) It is evident that the white player has the better game, having the advantage of three moves more than the black, and the centre pawns tactically advanced: nothing remains on the side of the white, but to remove the obstruction to the motion of the king’s bishop’s pawn as soon as possible; that will decide the game against the black.

FOURTH BACK GAME,

_On the Sixth Move of the White_.

6. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. The pawn takes the pawn.

7. W. The pawn takes the pawn. B. The king’s bishop gives check.

8. W. The queen’s bishop covers the check. B. The bishop takes the bishop.

9. W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

This party is equal; your pawns in the centre are broken: this mode of play may be ventured with an antagonist to whom you give some advantage: by such a player, you rely that every critical opportunity will not be seized, or you would not give the advantage.

=_Second Regular Party_=,

VARIANT FROM THE FIRST PARTY, AT THE SECOND MOVE OF THE BLACK.

1. W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. B. The same.

2. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

3. W. Queen’s pawn 1 square. B. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.

4. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(a) B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

(a) Though stationing the pieces before the pawns must not be wantonly engaged in, I think this play is necessary in the present situation, to keep the advantage of the move; nevertheless, you might at the fourth move push your king’s bishop’s pawn two squares: such a game, though it embarks in danger, is calculated to disconcert a mere observer of routine, to whom some advantage is given.

5. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. B. The king castles.(b)

6. W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. B. The same.(c)

7. W. The king castles. B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)

8. W. The bishop takes the bishop. B. The pawn takes the bishop.

(b) If, instead of castling, he had played his queen’s bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth, you might have played your queen to her knight’s third, which would have given you the game; but should he play the same bishop to his king’s third, take him with yours, and afterwards play your queen to her knight’s third.

(d) Had he played this bishop to your king’s knight’s fourth, you must have pushed your queen’s pawn; and, varying again, if he take your king’s knight with his bishop, you take with your knight’s pawn, the better to bring your rooks into play, as they then have an approach to the pawns that cover the adverse king.

14. W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(g) B. The knight takes the bishop.

15. W. The pawn takes the knight. B. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(h)

16. W. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares. B. The same.

17. W. King’s rook at its bishop’s 2d. B. The queen at her 2d square.

(g) You thus force the knight to retreat or to take, which is better than suffering him to hover over the pieces, to make a capture at his own discretion.

(h) He plays this pawn to hinder your knight from attacking his king’s pawn, as otherwise he would be forced to defend it with his rook, which would afford you time to double your rooks on the file of your king’s bishop. It is proper to observe, that in almost every case, whoever commands an opening with double rooks, must have the advantage; it is therefore an established maxim not to yield up these passes.

18. W. Queen’s rook at its king’s bishop’s square. B. The king at his knight’s 2d.(i)

(i) So situated, the white must have chiefly in view to oblige the adversary to push his king’s pawn a square, so that he may place a knight, sustained by two pawns, at the fourth square of the adverse king’s bishop, which ought to decide the game in his favour: the black will, in opposition, seek the means of doubling the two rooks, and bring the queen’s bishop’s pawn into play, by pushing him two squares.

=_Third Regular Party_=,

Variant from the First Party, at the Second Move of the Black,

WITH THREE BACK GAMES;

_On the Third, the Seventh, and the Eleventh Move of the Black_.

1. W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. B. The same.

2. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)

3. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(b) ☜

(a) He prepares to push his queen’s pawn two squares, in order to intercept the action of your king’s bishop, occupy the centre with his pawns, and recover the advantage of the move.

(b) He might, according to his first design, have pushed his queen’s pawn two squares. This will furnish interest for a back game.

4. W. The queen takes the pawn. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

5. W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. B. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d.(d)

6. W. The bishop takes the bishop. B. The pawn takes the bishop.

7. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(e) ☜

(c) If he had played his king’s knight to his bishop’s third square, you must have attacked the knight with your king’s pawn, by which play you would have won many moves.

(d) If, instead, he had advanced his king’s bishop’s pawn two squares, you must then have pushed your king’s pawn.

(e) He makes this move in order to break your pawns in the centre, or be able to establish his pawns strongly on his queen’s side: he would have played wrong, had he pushed his queen’s bishop’s pawn upon your queen; as appears by a back game.

8. W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(f)

9. W. King’s pawn 1 square. B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

10. W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 2d.(g) B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

11. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(h) ☜

(f) It would have been improper for the adversary to take with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, because his pieces would be confined, and their sphere of action less extensive than yours.

(g) It would be wrong to give check with your queen, because it would answer no useful purpose, and for any other, she ought not to be removed from one of the four files in the centre; you must, on the contrary, keep her behind your principal pawns, especially in the beginning of a party.

(h) It would have been bad play to push his queen’s bishop’s pawn; and a back game on this move will shew it to be of consequence, when you have a cordon of pawns, to push the leading one.

8. W. The queen at her king’s 2d. B. The same.(b)

9. W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. The king castles.

10. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

11. W. The king castles.

(b) If he had sustained this knight by any other piece, he would have been subject to lose him, by your pushing the king’s bishop’s pawn two squares.

PHILIDOR leaving the conduct of the party here—adds—"Such being the situation of the game, you have chiefly two objects in view: first, to fortify the queen’s bishop, whose direction annoys the adverse king, and next to attack the queen’s pawn, which being separated from the other pawns, can no longer be sustained but by the pieces. It is always advantageous to attack a separated pawn, were it only to employ the adverse pieces." This direction consigns the black pieces to the defensive: but if the EDITOR rightly interprets the indications of their situation, timid play must be discarded. As the black knight loses two moves, by the retreating course, assigned him in the back game, it is requisite to attempt a variation.

VARIATION BY THE EDITOR,

_On the Tenth Move of the Black_.

Return the king to his square—the rook to his square—the white queen’s bishop to his square—the black queen’s knight to his king’s fourth.

10. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a)

(a) He takes an assailing position, leaving you to attack the exposed pawn as you can. The knight is protected by an ambuscaded check. Several pieces, in the course of the variation, are so protected.

7. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. B. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(a)

8. W. The queen at her 3d square. B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

9. W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. The same.

10. W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(b) B. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d.

(a This allows you to lay a foundation for a result) in your favour. You must give him no other opportunity of pushing his queen’s pawn; if you succeed, his king’s bishop must remain imprisoned, and your pieces will cover more ground than those of your adversary.

(b) This move is essential; he would otherwise have attacked your queen with his queen’s knight; by which he would have obtained liberty to push his queen’s pawn, and disengage his pieces.

11. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d square. B. The king castles.

12. W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(c) B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(d)

13. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. B. Queen’s knight at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

14. W. Queen’s rook at its queen’s square. B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

(c) If circumstances had permitted you to remove your queen’s bishop to the king’s third square, he would have played his king’s knight to his fifth square, in order to take your bishop, and free that of his king. It is convenient to preserve a bishop of the same diagonal with your adversary. The oblique action of the bishop is very dangerous, and the best defence is to oppose bishop to bishop.

(d) He plays this knight in order to exchange him for your bishop.

15. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s knight’s square.(e) B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(f)

16. W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

17. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.

18. W. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d. B. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 4th.(g)

(e) None of the attacks of the adversary are dangerous, because they do not break your centre; and you may dislodge the knights whenever you please; this proves that real attacks are to be made only by the co-operation of several pieces, and very seldom succeed with one or two.

(f) In order to hinder your queen’s knight from attacking his queen’s pawn.

(g) Instead of removing this knight, he might have sustained him by playing his queen to her knight’s third square: then you would have pushed your king’s knight’s pawn.

19. W. The king castles.(h)

(h) In this situation you have a practicable road for the attainment of the game, but it will depend on preventing the adverse queen’s pawn from advancing, and on not being too hasty in pushing the pawns on the right wing, till the king is ready to sustain them.

THIRD BACK GAME,

_On the Eleventh Move of the Black_.

16. W. The queen takes the knight. B. Queen’s knight at his king’s 2d.

17. W. The king at his rook’s square.(d) B. The king’s bishop takes the knight.(e)

18. W. The pawn takes the bishop. B. The king castles.(f)

(d) You might have taken his queen’s pawn with your knight, and afterwards played your queen to your king’s fourth, to force his knight; but he would then have disentangled his queen by giving check; so that this move is previously necessary.

(e) Being no longer able defensively to sustain his queen’s pawn; he is forced to take your knight, to preserve it.

(f) In this situation, the white player must win; the remaining measures being, to hinder the adverse queen’s pawn from coming into play, and to sustain the centre pawns, not advancing them too hastily.

=_Fourth Regular Party_=,

Variant from the First Party on the Third Move of the Black,

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the White_.

5. W. The king’s pawn 1 square. B. The queen at her king’s 2d.(a)

6. W. The queen’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn. B. The King’s bishop gives check.

7. W. The queen’s bishop covers the check.(b) B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.

8. W. The queen’s knight takes the bishop. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

(a) Had he withdrawn his knight, that move alone would have given you the game.

(b) You might cover check with your queen’s knight, placing him at his bishop’s third, and if he then played his king’s knight to your king’s fourth, you would not be without means of sustaining your centre; in that situation, his best play would be to push his queen’s pawn two squares.

9. W. The queen at her king’s 2d.(d) B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.

10. W. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn. B. King’s knight at his queen’s 2d.

11. W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. B. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.

12. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. The king’s bishop’s pawn takes the pawn.(e)

(d) If your king’s bishop’s pawn had been played two squares, he might have broken your pawns, by pushing his queen’s bishop’s pawn to the full extent.

(e) The black player has succeeded in breaking the white central pawns. The design of this back game is to prove, how dangerous it is, when two pawns stand on a front line in the centre, to advance one, before your adversary offers to change. You should wait the offer, and then the pawn may be pushed safely. If, even after you had incautiously assailed the knight with your pawn, instead of pushing his queen’s and his bishop’s pawn one square only, he had advanced either of them two squares, offering to change, your centre would have remained safe.

=_Fifth Regular Party_=,

Variant from the First Party, on the Third Move of the Black;

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

1. W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. B. The same.

2. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. B. The same.

3. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) ☜

(a) As, instead of this move, he might have played his queen to your king’s rook’s fourth, it will be the subject of a back game.

4. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(c)

5. W. Queen’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(d) B. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.

6. W. Queen’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. B. Queen’s rook’s pawn 1 square.(e)

(b) He forces you to get out your king’s knight before your pawn; but after repelling the attack, you may manœuvre to bring the pawn into play. You might for the knight have substituted the queen; but she is better at her home, because she enables you to advance, with effect, the queen’s pawn upon his king’s bishop.

(c) He plays his knight with a view to hinder you from pushing your queen’s pawn two squares, nevertheless this move may be ventured; as is illustrated in another party.

(d) It is not always advantageous to push the pawns on the wings; as the removal of the knight’s pawn, in particular, lays open the rook, such a step must be taken cautiously.

(e) If he had advanced this pawn two squares, you must have pushed yours upon his knight, according to the rule already prescribed, always to advance the attacked pawn.

14. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. B. The king’s knight at his queen’s bishop’s square.

15. W. The king castles with his rook. B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.

16. W. The king’s pawn takes the pawn.(i) B. The queen takes the pawn.(k)

(i) Had you not taken this pawn, he would have advanced it another move upon your bishop, have dislodged him, and obtained an easy attack upon your king’s wing with his pawns.

(k) Now, the pursuit of the white must be, to change the king’s bishop’s pawn with the adverse king’s pawn, and that will turn the advantage on his side.

BACK GAME,

_On the Third Move of the Black_.

8. W. King’s bishop’s pawn 1 square. B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 3d.(d)

9. W. The queen’s bishop takes the knight. B. The king’s bishop takes the bishop.

10. W. The queen takes the bishop. B. The queen’s bishop takes the knight.

11. W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 2d. B. The same.(e)

(d) Had he withdrawn this knight, you must then have placed yours, now attacked, at his bishop’s second square; and at the subsequent move, have played your queen’s bishop to the king’s third, to take off the adverse bishop.

(e) It is evident, that the white player has several moves over the black. The black pieces have been engaged in a speculation which always proves miscalculated against a good player. The queen, making the premature attack has retreated, and she must again remove, to avoid the approach of the adverse, and to make way for her own pawns.

=_Sixth Regular Party_=.

1. W. The king’s pawn 2 squares. B. The queen’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(a)

2. W. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares. B. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

3. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) B. King’s pawn 1 square.

(a) This way of opening the game, when you have not the move, is entirely defensive, and therefore not to be adopted if any advantage is granted; but commencing on equal terms, it is a good experiment on strength of an adversary with whose skill you are unacquainted.

(b) On this move he might have forced you to play the gambit, by pushing his king’s pawn two squares; and you could not take without being exposed to a check from his queen. The train of moves, then induced, would terminate in his favor, if he played critically correct.

4. W. Queen’s bishop’s pawn 1 square.(c) B. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.

5. W. King’s pawn 1 square. B. King’s bishop’s pawn 2 squares.(d)

6. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(e)

(c) You might have pushed your queen’s pawn two squares, in order to change it with his queen’s bishop’s pawn, and this move would not be amiss; but it would bring his king’s bishop to his queen’s bishop’s fourth, where he would give great annoyance to your pieces, unless you had your queen’s bishop to oppose him.

(d) He might have played his queen’s pawn one square; in that case, you must have taken his pawn with yours, to hinder him from placing his pieces on the side of his queen, correspondingly to those on your king’s side.

(e) It would be bad play in him to take your pawn, as that would be clearing the way for your queen’s knight; so it would be wrong for you to take his pawn with yours, as that would present an advantageous post to his king’s bishop.

7. W. Queen’s bishop at his king’s 3d. B. The queen at her knight’s 3d.(f)

8. W. The queen at her 2d square. B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 2d.(g)

9. W. The queen’s pawn takes the queen’s bishop’s pawn.(h) B. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.

10. W. The queen’s bishop takes the bishop. B. The queen takes the bishop.

(f) He attacks your queen’s knight’s pawn in order to induce you to push it, but it is better to sustain it; for if it leaves its place, he may, by pushing his queen’s rook’s pawn two squares, form a successful attack on your left wing.

(g) Had he attacked your queen’s bishop with this knight, you must not have suffered him to change piece for piece; but have withdrawn your bishop, and forced his knight to retreat afterwards.

(h) As your queen’s knight cannot sally, without exposing you to the risk, of having either a pawn doubled, or your queen forced, it is necessary to take off his king’s bishop.

11. W. Queen’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(i) B. King’s knight’s pawn 2 squares.(k)

12. W. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square. B. The king’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.(l)

13. W. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares. B. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the king’s bishop’s pawn.(m)

(i) You play this knight that he may be in a course to co-operate with your king’s knight at your queen’s fourth; the rook’s third is the best post he can at present take. In general, it is essential to keep open a free communication between the knights; as it is desirable to post them on squares, where they can neither be attacked by pawns, nor forced by other pieces to retreat.

(k) He pushes this pawn with a view to break your centre, and it would be assisting his scheme to take it.

(l) His design is to make an opening for his king’s rook, and were he allowed to push this pawn another square, he would force and break the rear of your cordon of pawns.

(m) As your king’s knight, sustained by two pawns, may safely place himself at his fifth square, so the adversary takes your pawn, that he may procure for his knight a similar post.

14. W. The king’s knight’s pawn takes the pawn. B. King’s rook at its knight’s square.(n)

15. W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th. B. King’s knight at his rook’s 3d.(o)

16. W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 2d. B. King’s knight at the adverse king’s knight’s 4th.

17. W. Queen’s knight at his queen’s 4th.(p) B. The king at his 2d square.

(n) He plays this rook, to secure the command of the file. Here is a juncture at which a rook may well be sacrificed for another piece. Supposing that you were not to close this line with your knight, he would remove his rook to your king’s knight’s fourth square, where, supported by two pawns, it could not be taken, without concentring his pawns.

(o) He plays this knight with a design of procuring him as good a place as yours now occupies.

(p) By this move you break the direction of his queen, and your two knights are united to attack and take his knight’s pawn.

18. W. King’s bishop at his king’s 2d. B. Queen’s bishop at his queen’s 2d.

19. W. The king castles with his rook.(q) B. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.

20. W. Queen’s rook at its bishop’s square.(r)

(q) It would be dangerous to castle on your left, because the adversary might form an easy attack upon your king; besides, your king must occupy his knight’s third square, in order to restrain the adverse king’s knight, and in the mean while sustain your pawns.

(r) This is necessary to prevent him from making himself master of that file, by changing his knight for yours, the consequence of which would give him the game. The rooks are never to yield up the openings. At present the game is even, except that the pawn advanced on the ground of the black, may be said to give the white some little advantage.

The conduct of the regular parties is analytical, the most consummate form of each taking the lead, from which the back games that branch, are inferior either in the dexterity or the regularity of the moves. By some of the back games it appears, that a player may commence his investment of the adverse party in form, and yet, from the manner of the play that is opposed to him, be diverted into irregularity. Again, on the other hand it will appear, from some examples of the Salvio Gambit, on which we are going to enter; that when one player meditates a speedier circumvention than regularity of approach could effect; defensive movements may be adopted by the other, of a systematic character, the influence of which shall be so strong, as to impress, by degrees, a conformity to method on the attitude of both sets of pieces. At the same time, in practice it will be found, that a continual recurrence to principle must modulate the movements of gambits, or they will resemble the incursions of the Cossacks. The difficulty is, when you attempt a _coup de main_ at Chess, to preserve such an arrangement, that you may return to the progressive method, if obliged, without taking lower ground than the adversary.

=_The Salvio Gambit_=.

FIRST PARTY,

WITH THREE BACK GAMES.

7. W. The queen at her king’s square.(b) ☜ B. The queen takes the queen.(c) ☜

8. W. The king takes the queen. B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(d) ☜

(b) The seventh move may be played different ways; two only however are eligible: the first, to take the pawn with the bishop, and give check; the other, to play the queen’s pawn two squares—pursued in two back games.

(c) If, instead of taking your queen, he had pushed his king’s knight’s pawn, you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn, giving check, and then have played your knight to your king’s bishop’s third square.

(d) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one square, instead of taking your pawn with his knight; you must have taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with your knight, and sacrificed the knight and bishop for two pawns and a rook; the subject of a back game.

9. W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. B. The king at his 2d square.(e)

10. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(f) B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(g)

11. W. The queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

(e) If he had moved his king to his queen’s square, it would have been your game, to have drawn back your king’s bishop, in order to give double check with your knight, or make him lose a turn.

(f) In this situation you must either win a pawn, or force the change of his king’s rook for your knight.

(g) Had he pushed his queen’s pawn one move, it would have been proper to have attacked his rook with your knight, and then to take his queen’s pawn with the knight, leaving his rook exposed to your bishop.

7. W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check. B. The king at his 2d square.(a)

8. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s knight’s 3d.(b) B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

(a) SALVIO here directs the removal of the king to his queen’s square; but, after the most exact calculations, I think it would be better to play the king to his second square: that the reader may, however, judge which is the preferable course, I exhibit both ways of playing, adding a variation on the seventh move of the black.

(b) You are forced to withdraw the bishop, in order to avoid the loss of a piece.

(c) If he had taken your king’s pawn with his knight, you must have played your queen to your king’s square, to offer an exchange of queens, which would restore your game to a firm state of defence; but if, instead of pushing this pawn, he had played his knight to his king’s rook’s fourth, you should have taken his king’s knight’s pawn with your queen, permitting afterwards double check: then, by taking his knight and sacrificing your rook, your situation from embarrassing rises to advantageous.

9. W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d) B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.

10. W. The queen at her king’s square. B. King’s knight’s pawn 1 square.(e)

11. W. The king at his knight’s square.(f) B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g)

(d) This is a very bad retreat for your knight; but if you had attacked his rook, your piece would have been forced. It is the adverse king, played to his second square, on the seventh move, that has thrown your game into so perplexing a situation.

(e Had he given double check with his knight, you) would have won a piece by removing your king; and if he had exchanged queens, you would have put an end to his attack.

(f) This move is very requisite, to disengage your king’s rook.

(g) If you were to take his pawn with yours, he would instantly give you check-mate.

7. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)

8. W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. B. King’s pawn 1 square.

9. W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. The king’s pawn takes the pawn and gives check.

10. W. The king takes the pawn. B. The queen gives check, &c. &c.(b)

(a) Had he taken your king’s pawn, you must have played your queen to your king’s second.

(b) It is unnecessary to proceed; the variations of the first back game recur, with the difference that you have one pawn less.

SECOND BACK GAME,

TO THE FIRST PARTY,

_On the Seventh Move of the Black_.

7. W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn and gives check. B. The king at his queen’s square.(a)

8. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(b) B. King’s pawn 1 square.(c)

(a) This creates no necessity of withdrawing your bishop as in the first back game, so that remaining in advance, he may hinder the adverse king’s knight from posting himself at his king’s rook’s fourth; a move portending danger.

(b) Had you withdrawn your king’s bishop to attack the king and rook with your knight, he would have played his knight to his king’s rook’s fourth, and sacrificed his rook to win the game.

(c) There were two other ways for him to have played; the first, to force your knight to retreat, by pushing his queen’s pawn upon him; the other, to take your king’s pawn with his knight, in which case you should offer an exchange of queens, by playing yours to your king’s square.

8. W. The king takes the queen. B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.(a)

9. W. The king’s knight takes the king’s bishop’s pawn. B. The queen’s pawn 1 square.

10. W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn.(b) B. The king’s knight takes the bishop.

(a) If instead of this, he had played his queen’s knight to his bishop’s third, you must have taken his knight with yours, and sustained your king’s pawn, by that of your queen.

(b) It is better to take his pawn, than to surrender your bishop to it, because his rook still remains exposed.

6. W. The king at his bishop’s square. B. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.

7. W. Queen’s knight at his bishop’s 3d.(b) ☜ B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(c)

8. W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d.(d) B. King’s pawn 1 square.

(b) If you had taken his king’s bishop’s pawn with your knight, he would, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares, have gained two pieces for his king’s rook. As the same pawn might have been taken by the bishop, and check given at the same time, it will form the subject of a back game.

(c) Had he brought out his queen’s knight to his bishop’s third, you must have taken his knight with yours, and then offered queen for queen at your king’s square.

(d) Had you taken his king’s pawn with your knight, he would have left his rook exposed, playing his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, as a prelude to a double attack on your king and rook, which would throw you into a disagreeable situation.

14. W. The king’s bishop takes the queen. B. King’s bishop at his knight’s 2d.(g)

15. W. King’s rook’s pawn 1 square. B. King’s rook’s pawn 2 squares.

16. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(h)

(g) It was of consequence to withdraw his bishop, for by pushing your king’s rook’s pawn two squares, you would have broken all his pawns.

(h) From this period the endeavour of each must be, to bring out the pieces as soon as possible; but the white must persist in not taking the king’s knight’s pawn with his rook’s pawn; and, though the black have the advantage in numbers, by a pawn, the situation of the white will then be preferable.

BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

7. W. The king’s bishop takes the pawn, and gives check. B. The king at his 2d square.(a)

8. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.(b)

9. W. King’s knight at his queen’s 3d. B. King’s knight at his rook’s 4th.

(a) Had he withdrawn his king to his queen’s square, you should have pushed your queen’s pawn to its extent, and you would have obtained a firm position; but by this move, he dictates the retreat of your king’s bishop, otherwise by pushing his queen’s pawn he would gain a piece.

(b) He had two other ways of playing; the one, to take your king’s pawn with his knight, on which you play your queen to your king’s second square, letting him give double check with his knight, that sacrificing your rook for the knight, you might win the game. The other way would be, to transport his king’s knight to his rook’s fourth, in which case you ought to propose an exchange of queen’s at your king’s square.

10. W. The queen at her king’s square. B. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d.(c)

11. W. King’s pawn 1 square. B. The queen’s pawn takes the pawn.

12. W. The queen takes the pawn and gives check. B. The queen takes the queen.

13. W. The king’s knight takes the queen.(d)

(c) Had he given double check with his knight, you ought to have withdrawn your king to his knight’s square, and then he would lose a piece; and had he taken your queen, you ought to have taken with your knight, to facilitate the bringing out your pieces.

(d) In the present situation the white seem to have the best of the game.

=_Supplements to former Games_=.

SUPPLEMENT

To the First Gambit in the First Volume:

WITH TWO BACK GAMES;

_On the Fifth Move of the Black, and the Sixth of the White_.

15. W. The king at his rook’s 2d. B. The king castles.(f)

(f) The position of the two parties is nearly even. The white pieces must carry all their disposable force against the adverse king’s bishop’s pawn, in order to take it: the black, on the other hand, must manœuvre to exchange the king’s knight, in order to unite their pawns in the centre. It is apparent from this gambit, that it is not advantageous to push the king’s rook’s pawn two squares, at the fourth move.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Fifth Move of the Black_.

5. W. King’s knight at the adverse king’s 4th. B. The queen at her king’s 2d.

6. W. Queen’s pawn 2 squares.(a) B. Queen’s pawn 1 square.

7. W. The king’s knight takes the king’s knight’s pawn. B. The queen takes the king’s pawn, and gives check.

8. W. The queen covers the check.(b)

(a) Had you taken the exposed pawn with your knight, he would have pushed his king’s bishop’s pawn upon your knight, forcing him to retire to your king’s bishop’s second: he then, taking your king’s pawn with that of his bishop, would have secured the advantage of position.

(b) In this situation you must exchange queens, as the most eligible step; and afterwards take the gambit pawn. The two games are even. It is easily seen, that this way of playing the gambit is neither of a very interesting nature, nor affords the same after-games or numberless variations that spring from Salvio’s gambits.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Sixth Move of the White_.

6. W. The king’s knight takes the knight’s pawn.(a) B. The king’s knight takes the king’s pawn.(b)

7. W. The queen at her king’s 2d. B. The same.(c)

(a) Had you played your king’s bishop to your queen’s bishop’s fourth, attacking his king’s bishop’s pawn, he would have removed his queen to her king’s second square, and rendered your position far from good.

(b) It would be bad play to take your knight with his.

(c) Though he defends his knight with his queen, he might without danger have sustained him, by pushing his queen’s pawn two squares: in which case you must have removed your king’s knight to his bishop’s second.

13. W. King’s knight at his bishop’s 3d. B. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.

14. W. King’s bishop at his queen’s 3d.(f)

(f) The game is nearly even: the gambit pawn will in time be taken, as it is separated, and cannot be sustained, but by the pieces.

SUPPLEMENT

To the Third Party in the First Volume; the Black moving first.

WITH ONE BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the White_.

18. B. King’s rook at its king’s square. W. The king castles.

The advantage of position inclines to the white party.

=_Practical Mates_=

AND

=_Ends of Parties_=.

METHOD

OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A ROOK AND A BISHOP AGAINST A ROOK.(a)

_Situation of the White._ The king at the adverse king’s 3d. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s square. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his square. The rook at its queen’s 2d.

1. W. The rook gives check. B. The rook covers the check.

(a) In a former edition, I thought it would suffice to place the black in that position, which was most favourable to a protracted defence: but, as many lovers of the game desire to know the mode of forcing the black into the position, here assigned to him, it will be displayed in a subsequent example.

2. W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d. B. The rook at the adverse queen’s 2d.(b)

3. W. The rook at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.(c) B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.

4. W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d.(d) B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(e) ☜

(b) He takes the situation most calculated to elude you. To give check-mate, you must force your adversary to place his rook, either at your queen’s square, or at your queen’s third square. In either position, the game will be won, after a few computed moves.

(d) You have already forced him to play his rook to one of those squares where he is in a course to lose: but this is not enough; for your rook must not be farther from your king than the number of squares which a knight passes at a move. If you were to play your rook to its queen’s bishop’s second square, he would play his rook to your queen’s second square; and you must be eternally recommencing: whereas, by passing your rook on your right, he must, to parry the mate, play his rook to your king’s bishop’s square, which is no better than that of his queen.

5. W. The bishop at his king’s knight’s 3d. B. The king at his bishop’s square.(f) ☜

6. W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th. B. The king at his square.(g)

7. W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. B. The rook at the adverse queen’s square.(h) ☜

8. W. The bishop at his king’s rook’s 4th. B. The king at his bishop’s square.

(e) As he might have played his king to his bishop’s square, we will make it the subject of a back-game.

(f) He could have played his rook to your king’s bishop’s third: the subject of another back-game.

(g) He brings back his king to form an interval, for his rook to cover the check of your rook.

(h) He might have played the king to his bishop’s square: the subject of the last back-game.

4. W. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. B. The king at his bishop’s square.

5. W. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(a) B. The rook at the adverse king’s knight’s square.

6. W. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.(b) B. The king at his knight’s square.

(a) You force him, by this move, to play his rook to your king’s knight’s square, to parry the mate; which will give you his rook gratuitously.

(b) You leave him no other way to ward the mate, than playing his king to his knight’s square; for, if he check with his rook, you preserve your attack impending in undiminished force over him, by covering with your bishop.

10. W. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c)

11. W. The rook at its king’s knight’s 4th. B. The king at his square.(d)

12. W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th, and must win the game.

(d) If he had played his rook to your king’s third, to prevent the check of your bishop; you must have played your rook to your king’s rook’s fourth, in order to give mate the next move.

THIRD BACK GAME,

_On the Seventh Move of the Black_.

7. W. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th. B. The king at his bishop’s square.

8. W. The bishop at the adverse king’s 4th. B. The king at his knight’s square.

9. W. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th, and must win the game.

METHOD

OF FORCING THE BLACK TO TAKE THE POSITION ABOVE ASSIGNED, IN ORDER TO GIVE MATE WITH A ROOK AND BISHOP AGAINST A ROOK.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his 4th square. The bishop at his king’s 3d square. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 2d.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his 3d square. The rook at its queen’s 2d square.

1. W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 2d.(a) B. The rook at its queen’s square.

2. W. The bishop at his king’s bishop’s 4th.(b) B. The rook at its king’s square.

(a) If you had checked with your rook, he would have covered with his; but he is now obliged to retract his rook, which enables you to employ your bishop.

(b) This prevents his rook from covering the check from yours, so that you may force his king to retrograde.

3. W. The rook gives check. B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.

4. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The rook at the adverse king’s 2d.

5. W. The rook at its queen’s knight’s square.(c) B. The rook at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.

6. W. The rook gives check. B. The king at his bishop’s square.(d)

(c) This move is material, in order to employ your bishop as above directed; that is, to debar his rook from covering the check, which you will give with yours.

(d) If he had moved the king to his square, you must then have advanced your king to the face of his king, and left your bishop exposed. The whole difficulty consists in placing your bishop at the adverse king’s fourth. Your adversary’s manœuvre to prevent it, will be, leaving his king inactive, and playing his rook, alternately, from the second to the first square of your king’s bishop.

1. W. The bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 4th.(a) B. The king at his knight’s 3d.

2. W. The king at his bishop’s 4th. B. The king at his bishop’s 3d.

(a) The mate must be given in the corner which is of the colour on which the bishop moves; and when the adverse king retires to the corner, differently coloured, the stroke is effected, by a gradual process of eighteen or twenty moves.

17. W. The bishop gives check. B. The king at his queen’s square.

18. W. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d. B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s square.

19. W. The knight at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.(c)

A PARTY,

WON WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN AGAINST A BISHOP.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his 4th square. The queen’s pawn at the queen’s 4th. The rook at its queen’s square.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his 3d square. The king’s bishop at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.

1. W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square.(a) B. The bishop at his queen’s knight’s square.

2. W. The rook gives check. B. The bishop covers the check.(b)

(a) If you had pushed your pawn, to give check, you would have furnished the adversary with the means of making a drawn game, as will be seen afterwards.

(b) If he had withdrawn his king, you must have protruded yours to the van of your pawn. This party is to be won, only by advancing your king, and confining that of your adversary to the last rank, previously to pushing the pawn.

1. W. The pawn gives check.(a) B. The king at his queen’s 2d.

2. W. The king at his queen’s 4th. B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.

(a) The result from this movement must be a drawn game, because your king cannot recover the opportunity of advancing before your pawn, supposing your adversary to play with critical precision.

3. W. The rook at its queen’s rook’s square. B. The bishop at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.(b)

4. W. The rook gives check. B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(c)

5. W. The king at his 4th square. B. The bishop at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d.(d)

(b) It is material for him to keep his bishop at a distance from your king, to enable him to give check, should you play the king to one of the black squares next to your pawn.

(c) If he had covered the check, you would have won the game, by pushing your king forwards to the black square facing his bishop.

(d) If he had played his bishop to your king’s rook’s second, you would have won the game, by playing your rook to his king’s knight’s second. It is to be observed, that, in the defence of this party, the bishop, while he is so distant as to secure himself from capture, must be ready to step into a diagonal that bears on the adverse king.

11. W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.(h)

(h) When a player has a bishop against a rook, he must as soon as possible station his king on a corner square of the chess-board, of a different colour from the field of the bishop. It is the only place where he can insure a drawn game.

METHOD

OF GIVING CHECK-MATE WITH A SINGLE ROOK.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his 4th square. The rook at its king’s rook’s square.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his 3d square.

1. W. The rook gives check. B. The king at his 2d square.

2. W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th square. B. The king at his queen’s 2d square.(a)

(a) His king must be opposite to yours, previously to each time of your giving check with your rook; because his king is then forced, by the check, to retrograde.

1. W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.(b) B. The king at his 3d square.

(a) This party is a drawn game, when the pawn has not been moved from its place; but, in the event of its having been advanced, the queen must win.

(b) His defence depends entirely upon not letting your king pass, and in meditation of the intended obstruction, playing his rook alternately from the queen’s bishop’s fourth to the king’s fourth, being always supported by his pawn.

7. W. The queen at the adverse queen’s square. B. The rook at its king’s 4th.

8. W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s square.(e) B. The king at his queen’s 4th.

9. W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(f) B. The rook gives check.(g) ☜

10. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The rook gives check.

(e) This check forces his king to occupy the same file with his pawn; this will be a great facility to your own king, in passing.

(f) You place him under the dilemma of removing his rook from his king, or giving a free passage to yours.

(g) If he had played his king to your queen’s fourth, you must have played your queen to his queen’s bishop’s third. He might also have played his rook to his king’s rook’s fourth, to hinder the passage of your king; the movements which you should then adopt, are exhibited in the first back game.

22. W. The queen gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.

23. W. The king at the adverse queen’s 2d. B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

24. W. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th square, and must win.

The termination of this party, regularly conducted from this move, may be seen in p. 160.—As many amateurs may not be acquainted with the method of giving check-mate with a queen against a rook, the opportunity which the state of the board presents for exhibiting that operation is embraced. It may be pursued in immediate continuation, by suspending the back games.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the Ninth Move of the Black_.

9. W. The queen at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square. B. The rook at its king’s rook’s 4th.(a)

10. W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s square. B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 4th.

11. W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th. B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 3d.

12. W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 3d. B. The king where he pleases, his pawn being lost.(b)

(a) His rook being distant from its king, allows you to take it by a divergent check, or at least to take his pawn.

(b) This back game shews the facility with which a queen may force a rook, when detached from its king.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Fifteenth Move of the Black_.

15. W. The queen at her 4th square. B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 2d.

16. W. The queen at her rook’s 4th. B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 4th.

17. W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. B. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d.

18. W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d square, and must win.(a)

(a) The ability of the king to manœuvre behind the pawn, commands the event of the game.

CHECK-MATE,

BY THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK,

_Being a Continuation of the Party in Page 157_.

29. W. The queen gives check at her rook’s 4th. B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s square.

30. W. The queen at her rook’s 3d. B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.(c)

31. W. The king at his queen’s bishop’s 3d. B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

32. W. The king at his queen’s 3d.(d) B. The rook gives check at the adverse queen’s 2d.

(c) Your last move was by no means tactical. The queen should have remained on the fourth square from the corner. The move was made merely to shew the game which might then be played by your adversary. If you were to take his rook, he would be stale-mate. This cannot be too much attended to at the end of this party.

(d) Had you played your king to your queen’s knight’s third, he would have made a drawn game, by giving you check at your queen’s bishop’s third.

38. W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d. B. The king at the knight’s square.(g)

39. W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. B. The king at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d.

40. W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. B. The king at the knight’s square.

41. W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s square, and must win.(h)

(g) If he had covered the check, you would have given mate at your queen’s bishop’s square.

(h) This party can be won only by forcing the adversary to detach his rook, in order to ensure its fall, by a divergent check.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH THE QUEEN AGAINST A ROOK AND A PAWN.

_Situation of the White._ The king at the adverse queen’s 4th. The queen at her knight’s 3d.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his queen’s square. The queen’s pawn at its square. The rook at its king’s 3d.

1. W. The queen gives check at the adverse queen’s knight’s square. B. The king at his 2d square.

2. W. The queen at the adverse king’s knight’s square. B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.

3. W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th. B. The rook at its king’s 3d, giving check.

4. W. The king at the adverse queen’s 4th square.(a)

(a) In this position it is a drawn game; because neither the queen, nor the king, can come upon the rear of the black pawn, as in the former party.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH A ROOK AND A PAWN AGAINST A ROOK;

Or LOST GAME,

IF THE PLAYER HAVING ONLY A ROOK PLAY ILL.

_Situation of the White._ The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. The pawn at its king’s 4th. The rook at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his square. The rook at its queen’s rook’s 3d.

1. W. The pawn 1 square. B. The rook at its queen’s knight’s 3d.(a) ☜

(a) By commanding the third rank with his rook, he hinders your king from advancing; if he were to desert that rank before you had pushed your pawn, he would lose the party, as will be seen by a back game.

2. W. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s 2d. B. The rook at its queen’s bishop’s 3d.(b)

3. W. The pawn 1 square. B. The rook at the adverse queen’s bishop’s square.(c)

4. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d. B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(d)

(b) He ought not to move his rook from this line, until at the instant of your pushing the pawn.

(d) And he must give you perpetual check, unless you will be induced to detach your king from your pawn: and if, in adopting that course, you enfilade obliquely from his successive checks, toward his rook, he will transport his rook, at the moment of its being reached by your king, so as to ensure the fall of your pawn.—If your king retires upon your own rook, he will change rooks.

VARIANT GAME,

ON THE FIRST MOVE OF THE BLACK, WHEN A ROOK AND A PAWN WIN AGAINST A ROOK.

1. W. The pawn 1 square. B. The rook at the adverse queen’s rook’s square.

2. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 3d.(a) B. The rook gives check at the adverse king’s bishop’s square.(b)

3. W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. B. The king at his bishop’s square.(c)

(a) If you had placed your king opposite his, he could have regained the opportunity of making a drawn game, by giving check with his rook.

(b) Had he given check at his queen’s rook’s third, you must have covered check with your pawn: and had he removed his king to his queen’s square, you must have given check with your rook, afterwards playing your king to the adverse king’s second square.

1. W. The pawn 1 square.(a) B. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th.

2. W. The queen covers the check. B. The queen gives check at her king’s 4th.

(a) In this position, the white should seek an opportunity of changing queen for queen: the black should keep the king at a distance from the adverse king, in order to prevent that exchange, and to be the better enabled to give perpetual check.

1. W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th. B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

2. W. The queen at her king’s bishop’s 3d. B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.

3. W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d. B. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s square.(a)

(a) In the former party, you forced his king to come under his pawn: but he may now, without risk, leave it exposed to be taken; for you would make a stale-mate by taking it: this ought then to be a drawn game.

ANOTHER DRAWN GAME,

WITH A QUEEN AGAINST A PAWN NEAR MAKING A QUEEN.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his queen’s bishop’s 4th. The queen at her 4th square.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 2d. The pawn at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d.

1. W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 4th. B. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 2d.

2. W. The queen at her king’s rook’s 3d. B. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s square.

3. W. The queen gives check at her king’s knight’s 3d. B. The king at the rook’s square.(a)

(a) Being continually forced to remove your queen from that file, to make room for his king, you could never bring up your king in time: so it must be a drawn game.

It is to be observed, that the pawns of the two bishops, and of the two rooks, at one square from promotion, make a drawn game against a queen; and the pawns of the king, and the queen, and of the two knights, lose in such a position.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH A SINGLE PAWN;

Or A GAME WON,

IF HE WHO DIRECTS THE UNACCOMPANIED KING SHOULD NOT PLAY WELL.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his bishop’s 4th. The pawn at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his bishop’s 3d.

1. W. The king at his 4th square. B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(a)

2. W. The king at the adverse king’s 4th. B. The king at his 2d square.

(a) It is necessary to bring his king alternately to the face of the adverse pawn, and alternately to the face of the adverse king, in order to oppose the promotion of the pawn.

3. W. The pawn 1 square, giving check. B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.

4. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The king at his bishop’s square.(b) ☜

5. W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. B. The king at his square.(c)

6. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The king at his bishop’s 2d.(d)

(b) If he had removed his king to his square, or to the knight’s square, he would have lost the game. The subject of a back game.

(d) His defence depends upon opposing his king to yours; if, on the other hand, the possession of the move enabled you to oppose your king to his, you would win the game.

4. W. The king at the adverse king’s bishop’s 4th. B. The king at his square, or at the knight’s square.

5. W. The king at the adverse king’s 3d. B. The king at his bishop’s square.

6. W. The pawn 1 square. B. The king at his knight’s 2d.

7. W. The king at the adverse king’s 2d, and will win.

It may be seen by these examples, that the unaccompanied king, to make a good defence, must, at the last stage of his retreat, refuse to move from before the adversary’s pawn.

A DRAWN GAME,

BY A KNIGHT DISTANT FROM HIS KING, AGAINST A PAWN ADVANCING TO PROMOTION.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his rook’s 2d. The knight at his queen’s rook’s 2d.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d. The pawn at the adverse queen’s rook’s 3d.

1. W. The knight gives check at his queen’s bishop’s square. B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 2d.

2. W. The knight gives check at his queen’s 3d. B. The king at the adverse queen’s bishop’s 2d.

3. W. The knight at his queen’s knight’s 4th. B. The king at the adverse queen’s knight’s 3d.

4. W. The knight at his queen’s 3d.(a)

(a) He cannot push his pawn, without receiving a divergent check from your knight; therefore it is a drawn game. It is important to observe, that in positions, when the knight can neither check, nor hinder the pawn from advancing, a divergent check will be in his power, if the pawn be advanced.

A DRAWN GAME,

WITH TWO PAWNS AGAINST ONE;

Or A PARTY WON,

IF THE PLAYER WITH THE SINGLE PAWN MISMOVE.

_Situation of the White._ The king at his 4th square. The king’s bishop’s pawn at its bishop’s 4th. The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 5th.

_Situation of the Black._ The king at his 3d square. The king’s knight’s pawn at its knight’s 3d.(a)

1. W. The king at his queen’s 4th. B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b) ☜

(a) Before we proceed, let us review the board at the stage at which we find the game. If the black pieces were to play first, the white would win; but the white party having to commence, it will be a drawn game.

(b) Had he played his king to his king’s bishop’s fourth square, you would have regained the move; which would have been the earnest of victory. The subject of a back game.

2. W. The king at his queen’s 3d. B. The king at his queen’s 2d.(c)

3. W. The king at his 3d square. B. The king at his 2d square.(d) ☜

4. W. The king at his queen’s 4th. B. The king at his queen’s 3d.

5. W. The king at his 4th square. B. The king at his 3d square.(e)

(d) By refusing to advance from his eligible station, he is enabled to oppose your king, whether you chuse to place him at his own fourth, or at your queen’s fourth.

(e) This is the identical position at which we commenced. Supposing the future moves of the adversary to be correctly made, no variation in your course can prevent it from being a drawn game.

FIRST BACK GAME,

_On the First Move of the Black_.

6. W. The king at the adverse king’s knight’s 3d. B. The king at his bishop’s square.

7. W. The king at the adverse king’s rook’s 2d, and must win.(d)

(d) As often as the king can move in the van of a single pawn, the adversary cannot hinder you from making a queen.

SECOND BACK GAME,

_On the Second Move of the Black_.

2. W. The king at his queen’s 3d. B. The king at his queen’s 4th.

3. W. The king at his 3d square.(a) B. The king at his 3d square.

4. W. The king at his 4th square. B. The king at his queen’s 3d.(b)

5. W. The bishop’s pawn 1 square. B. The king at his 2d square.

(a) You again get the move, because he cannot play his king fronting yours: he must absolutely retrograde either to his third square, or to his queen’s third square. In either case, your king may place himself in opposition to his.

(b) If he had withdrawn his king to his second square, or to his queen’s second, you must have advanced your king opposite his.