Transcriber’s Note

This book contains text in Greek (λεύκη), Coptic (ⲙⲁⲧ) and Egyptian hieroglyphs (𓅐𓐴𓏏). You may need to install additional fonts to properly render those languages. Noto Sans Egyptian Hieroglyphs is recommended.

Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. The Hebrew, Arabic, Coptic, and Greek text has been corrected by comparison with the German edition from which this work was translated.

Accents and diacritical marks have been standardised throughout, where it was clear that the same word or name was intended; the original typesetting appears not to have supported accented small capitals consistently.

Inconsistencies between index entries and the main text have been silently corrected where the intended reference was unmistakable.

Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula of Sinai

_Hinchliff._]

LETTERS FROM EGYPT, ETHIOPIA, AND THE PENINSULA OF SINAI.

BY DR. RICHARD LEPSIUS.

WITH EXTRACTS FROM HIS CHRONOLOGY OF THE EGYPTIANS, WITH REFERENCE TO THE EXODUS OF THE ISRAELITES.

REVISED BY THE AUTHOR.

TRANSLATED BY LEONORA AND JOANNA B. HORNER.

LONDON: HENRY G. BOHN, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN. MDCCCLIII.

TRANSLATORS’ PREFACE.

The first part of this volume consists of Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the Peninsula of Sinai, published in 1852. In addition to the Map of the Nile, published in the German edition, and the view of Mount Barkal, we have been enabled, through the kindness of Dr. Lepsius, to give a Map of the Peninsula of Sinai, from an unpublished pamphlet, printed at Berlin in 1846 (_Reise des Prof. Lepsius von Theben nach der Halbinsel des Sinai, vom 4 März bis zum 14 April, 1845_), which will be found to contribute much to the elucidation of the interesting Letter on Mount Sinai.

In the Appendix we have inserted a geological paper, by Mr. Horner, from the “Edinburgh Philosophical Journal” for July, 1850, in which some doubts are thrown upon the theory of Dr. Lepsius concerning a supposed excavation of the bed of the Nile within the historical period. We have done this at the request of Dr. Lepsius, who is desirous to call more particular attention to the subject.

The Letters are succeeded by extracts (chiefly relating to the Hebrew Chronology) from Dr. Lepsius’s larger work (of which only one volume has yet been published), _Die Chronologie der Ægypter_, in which he states his conclusions respecting the date of the Exodus. We have also obtained permission from Chevalier Bunsen to add a note (p. 475), pointing out how far he differs from Dr. Lepsius respecting the period when the Israelites entered Egypt. It has been thought desirable to omit those sections which enter into the subject more minutely than would interest the general reader.

The whole of this portion of the translation has been revised by the author, and throughout the volume, whatever alterations or additions have been suggested by him, are placed between brackets.

A Table of the Egyptian Dynasties, drawn up by Mr. Horner, has been added, and, at his request, revised by Dr. Lepsius, who has inserted the results of his latest investigations concerning the dates of the different Dynasties.

Wherever measurements by feet are mentioned, French feet are to be understood, unless it is otherwise specified.

August, 1853.

AUTHOR’S PREFACE TO THE LETTERS.

The object of the Scientific Expedition which the KING OF PRUSSIA sent to Egypt in the year 1842, was to investigate and collect, with an historical and antiquarian view, the ancient Egyptian monuments in the Nile valley, and upon the Peninsula of Sinai. It was fitted out and maintained for more than three years by the munificence of the King, and enjoyed uninterruptedly his gracious favour and sympathy, as well as the most active and kind attention from ALEXANDER V. HUMBOLDT, and by a rare union of fortunate circumstances, it attained the purposes they had in view, as completely as could be expected. A “Preliminary Account of the Expedition, its Results, and their Publication” (Berlin, 1849; 4to), was issued at the same time with the first portion of the great work upon the Monuments, which will be published by desire of his Majesty, in a style corresponding with the magnificence of the treasures we brought away with us, and which will contain a concise survey of the principal results of the Expedition.

In the work upon “the Monuments of Egypt and Ethiopia,” here announced, which will comprise more than 800 folio plates, half of which are already completed, and 240 published, these results will be fully displayed, as far as regards Sculpture, Topography, and Architecture, and they will be considered more accurately in the accompanying text.

Independently, however, of our strictly scientific labours, it appeared right to offer a picture to a larger circle of interested readers of the external features of the Expedition, the personal co-operation of the different members belonging to it, the obstacles, or the fortunate circumstances of the journey, the condition of the countries that we traversed, and the influence they exercised on the immediate objects of our undertaking; finally, a series of remarks on the individual sites of the monuments in that most historical of all countries, with all the meaning and completeness in which they appear to those travellers who, by their study of that most ancient history, are peculiarly prepared to understand them, but which may also excite an increased sympathy in others who have acknowledged the great importance of this newly-established science. If it should directly further a correct criticism of the scientific labours which have resulted from this journey, and which are being gradually published, to consult the circumstances under which the materials were collected, I believe that no farther justification is necessary for the publication of the following Letters, however little pretension they may have on the one side to the completeness and the literary charm of a regular account of travels, or, on the other side, to the value of a strictly scientific work.

The Letters have remained almost throughout in their original form; some are respectfully addressed to his Majesty the King, some to his Excellency Eichhorn, at that time Minister of Public Instruction, or to other distinguished patrons and honoured men, such as A. v. Humboldt, Bunsen, v. Olfers, Ehrenberg, and lastly, some to my father, who constantly preserved the liveliest interest in all that concerned me. Several letters, immediately upon their arrival in Europe, were printed in the newspapers, especially in the Prussian Gazette, and from that were received into other papers. The immaterial alterations in some of the details are, for the most part, only made for publication. All additions or expansions are put in the form of notes. To this class belong the more detailed notes and the proofs given concerning the true position of Sinai, which, I believe, is pointed out for the first time by me; this has since been criticised from different quarters, and has been condemned by some, while it has met with approbation from others. The subject of the 36th Letter on the decoration of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin is certainly very different from the rest; but as an exception it may be justified, since the point there considered is not only of local interest in Berlin, but is valuable in all cases of observation, where there are similar requirements, and where the subject treated about is a method of adjustment between ancient Egyptian and modern Art.

Berlin, 2nd June, 1852.