BEE-HUNTING
The mere mention of these words always brings to us memories of high hills, wound about by picturesque roads, bordered by rail fences, from the corners of which the goldenrod still flung its banners to the breeze, though September and, mayhap, frosts had come. Beyond the fences were knolly pastures, cropped close except where the mullein, the thistle and the immortelle vaunted their immunity from the attacks of grazing herds; and still beyond were upland meadows, green with second-crop clover; and crowning all were forests beginning to glow with autumnal hues. Forth into such roads, pastures, meadows and woodlands were we wont to fare of a sunny morning, to hunt bees with our father, whose woodcraft was not the empty accomplishment of the man of this generation, but was attained on those same hills of western New York when he was a pioneer boy, and the deer and the wolves roamed those forests, and the beavers built their dams in the valley.
Our equipment for hunting was a bottle of diluted honey; a box with a sliding glass cover, containing pieces of empty comb; and a sharp stake, four feet high, topped with a cross-piece on which to set the box. When we were far enough afield, some unwary bee was lifted from its goldenrod revel and imprisoned in the box, where one of the empty combs had been filled from the bottle for her special delectation. Like a worthy bee, she began to fill at once; meanwhile, the stake was pushed into the ground and the box placed upon it, the cover removed, and we all retired for a little distance to watch. When the bee finally lifted herself and our honey into the air, we gave her closest attention. To make sure of the exact position of her bonanza, she always arose in a spiral, each circle being larger than the one before, and finally turned the spiral in a certain direction. When she suddenly darted away with almost the speed of a bullet, it was always the eyes of our father, blue as the sky against which the bee was outlined, that detected her direction; for young eyes, however keen, counted little against trained eyes in this competition.
Then there always followed a time of anxious waiting for the return of the bee. Meanwhile we stretched out on the dry sod in the sun and listened to the chirping of the crickets, or the sweet notes of the meadow larks and idly watched a hawk circle on even pinions above our heads; or we told stories of other days of successful bee-hunting. If the bee returned within fifteen minutes, all was well and we were confident that the tree was distant not much more than a mile. But if we had to wait a half hour we usually caught other bees and started over again, hoping to find some nearer colony. If our first visitor came back soon, and especially if she was followed by her anxious sisters, we were satisfied. With several bees flying in the same direction, it was always easy to get the “line,” which we marked by some peculiar tree or other noticeable object in the landscape. When several of our visitors were eagerly filling themselves with honey, the cover was shoved over them and they were carried for a distance along the line and then liberated, and the line from this new location ascertained. Thus were they followed, up hill and down dale, and even through woodlands; finally, we would come to a place in a forest where we could follow the line no farther, and then we took our first lesson in geometry by getting a cross-line. This was done by carrying some of the bees in the box for some rods to the right or left; and when they were established there we knew that at the apex of the angle made by the two intersecting lines stood the bee-tree.
The triumph which filled us when we finally discovered that stream of black particles entering some knothole or the broken top of a tree, made us breathless; and all the way home we tried to temper our excitement so as to make the announcement of our discovery with a nonchalance characteristic of invariably successful hunters.
However, we were by no means always successful. Sometimes it would be too late in the day before we established a line; and again a line would lead us in a disgusting fashion to some unsuspected apiary; and now and then in a woodland tangle we crossed and crisscrossed lines, nearly breaking our necks gazing into tree-tops, all to no avail. Then, too, even our victory might be tempered by conditions. If the bee-tree were small, we judged it contained little honey; if the tree were valuable, we doubted if the owner would allow it to be cut. As a matter of fact, we seldom cut a bee-tree; and when we did, we wrested from it a combination of rotten wood, bee-bread, crushed brood and bees that made a potpourri which would prove disastrous to the enfeebled stomachs of this generation. But, though we rarely cut a bee-tree, bee-hunting lost none of its fascination. For what could be more delightful than long days spent in the autumn sunshine, enlivened by an occupation vitally interesting that needs must be lazily carried on! So we never gave it up until the October frosts had killed all the flowers, and the fumes of the honey-comb that we burned failed to entice an enterprising bee from her winter quarters to our box.
APPENDIX
BEE BOOKS
The bibliography of bee literature is extensive. Scientists of all nations have contributed the results of their investigations on bee anatomy and bee physiology, and have made bee literature, as a whole, most profound and technical reading. However, there are among these books many that were written for popular audiences, and that deal with the practical side of bee-keeping; of such we add a few titles of those best known and of special excellence.
BENTON, FRANK. “The Honey-Bee.” Mr. Benton, who is our national expert of the Department of Agriculture at Washington, always writes practically, and has carried on experiments with races of bees, which the private bee-keeper could hardly afford to make. The enterprising bee-keeper should keep in close touch with Mr. Benton’s bulletins.
CHESHIRE, FRANK R. Two volumes. This is one of the finest works that has ever been published upon the honey-bee and bee-keeping. It is delightfully written and has many fine illustrations.
COOK, PROFESSOR ALBERT J. “The Bee-keeper’s Guide or Manual of the Apiary.” This is the most extensive of all the bee-keeping manuals written for American bee-keepers. It deals with all phases of the subject minutely, and new editions are published frequently enough to keep the book up-to-date. Professor Cook has a wide reputation as a most excellent teacher, and bee-keeping is one of the subjects which he taught for years in the Agricultural College of Michigan.
COWEN, T. W. “The Honey-bee, Its Natural History, Anatomy and Physiology.”
COWEN, T. W. “Bee-Keeper’s Guide Books.” The first of these little volumes is a clear and excellent account of the anatomy of the bee. The second is a concise and helpful book on the methods of bee-keeping as practiced in England.
HUBER, FRANZ. “Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeilles,” published in 1792. English translation in 1841. This classic in bee literature is one of the most delightful of all the bee books that have been written. It shows the careful methods of this blind scientist who has given us more of the understanding of the bee and its life than any other investigator or writer.
HUTCHINSON, W. Z. “Advanced Bee Culture.”
HUTCHINSON, W. Z. “Comb Honey.” Mr. Hutchinson is one of our most successful bee-keepers, and he writes clearly and understandingly of his methods.
LANGSTROTH, L. L. “The Hive and Honey-Bee.” This classic in American apiculture has been revised and kept up-to-date by the scholarly Dadants, father and son, who are well known on two continents as successful bee-keepers. This book written by the father of American apiculture is comprehensive, and is good literature as well as good bee-keeping.
LUBBOCK, SIR JOHN. “Ants, Bees and Wasps.” Although this is a book of scientific experiments, it should be read by every bee-keeper. No other book tells so well the patience and ingenuity necessary to discover what the bee knows and why it does certain things.
MAETERLINCK, MAURICE. “The Life of the Bee.” This exquisite piece of literature and social philosophy has attracted much attention, and has introduced the world at large to the wonderful life of the honey-bee in such a poetic and dramatic manner, that most people have regarded it as a work of fiction. Maeterlinck is said to be a practical apiarist, and his book is based upon the facts of bee life as he understood them at the time the book was written. Though some of his facts be questioned, yet probably his statements are no more doubtful than would be those of almost any bee-keeper should he try to write what he thinks he knows about bees. Maeterlinck is the Homer of the bees and, therefore, he has a right to poetic license.
MILLER, DR. C. C. “Forty Years Among the Bees.” This is a simply told history of the experiences of a successful bee-man. It is a most honest and often a humorous record of bee-keepers’ successes and failures.
MORLEY, MARGARET. “The Bee People.”
MORLEY, MARGARET. “The Honey-Makers.” The first of these books is written charmingly and simply for children and covers in an interesting manner the life of the bee. “The Honey-Makers” gives a most extended account of the relation of bees to men, giving extensive quotations from Hindu, Egyptian, Greek and Italian literatures and also a most interesting chapter on the curious superstitions and customs regarding the honey-bee.
QUINBY, MOSES. “Mysteries of Bee-Keeping,” revised by L. C. Root and now called, “Quinby’s New Bee Book.” This is a simple, straightforward account of a practical man’s dealings with bees.
ROOT, A. I. “A B C of Bee Culture.” The author may be pardoned if she speaks with special enthusiasm of this book, as Mr. Root was the special teacher that helped the Comstock apiary achieve success. The interesting and truly human way that Mr. Root refers to bees is not only inspiring, but is also most practically helpful. The “A B C of Bee Culture” is arranged conveniently, encyclopedia fashion, so that the discussion of any subject in it may be readily found. Every page of it is interesting, and is based upon the actual experience of a man who is at once a keen observer, a sympathetic friend to the bees, and a most successful apiarist.
INDEX
ABC of Bee Culture, 207.
Abdomen, 187.
Æsophagus, 191, Plate XXVI.
After-swarms led by virgin queen, 81. prevention of 81. reason of and remedy for, 79, 81.
Alder, 154.
Alfalfa, 201.
Alighting board, 15.
Alimentary canal, 187, 191, Plates XXV., XXVI.
Alley’s queen and drone trap, 12.
Alsike, 200.
Anatomy, external, 181, Plate XXV. internal, 187, Plate XXVI.
Antenna cleaner, 186, Plate VII.
Antennæ, 183, Plate VII.
Ants, 27.
Apiaries, floating, 209. out, 209.
Apiary, high fence for, in city, 23. in village garden, 22. location and arrangement of 20. mowing the, 23. old-fashioned, Plate XXVII. old orchard good place for, 20. on city house tops, 22. sheep in, 23. windbreak for, 22.
Apparatus for extracting, Plate XVIII.
Apple, 196.
Apple blossoms, Plate XVII.
Apricot, 196.
Aristotle, 172, 207.
Artificial pasturage, 199.
_Bacillus alvei_, 176.
Balling of queen, 32, 158.
Basswood, 198. blossoms, frontispiece.
Bee, anatomy of, 181. books, 206. brush, Plate III. Brush, Dixie, 19. brush, use of, 101. cellars, for wintering, the Bingham, 151. gloves, 11, 17. glue, its source, 60, 61. glue made from varnish and cement, 61. glue, various uses of, 62. house-keepers, 34. how she gathers pollen, 59. how she collects propolis, 62. ingratitude, 44. journals, 206. moth, 172. moth, development of, 173. moth, how to detect, 173. moth, maxims, 176. moth, remedy for, 174. tent, 102, 168. tree, 214. veil, 11, 16. worker, 59. worker, brains of, 40. worker—life and habits of, 42, 43. worker, sex of, 39.
Bee-bread, 59. as food, 60. in cells, 98.
Bee-escape, Plate III. Porter, 18. Porter, use of, 101.
Bee-gum, 83.
Bee-hunting, 211.
Bee-keepers, 206. books written by, 9. number of, 207.
Bee-keepers’ supplies, catalogue of, 10.
Bee-keeping, 206. a beginner’s order, 11. as a regular business, 10. attractive materials of, 85. how to begin, 8. too successful, 73. worst way to begin, 10.
Bees, as a recreation, 5. as socialists, 6. a study in natural science, 6. belong to the garden, 7. control population, 34. diseases of, 176. enemies and diseases of, 172. feeding of, 136. German or black, 12, 47. how they collect propolis, 60, 61. how they secrete wax, 52. how to handle them, 91. how to keep from keeping too many, 73. how to manage when swarming, 66. how to reconcile swarm to new hive, 70. how to unite colonies, 82. how to winter, 145. how to work with, 92. hybrids, 48. Italian, 12, 13. Italian and black bees compared, 48. Italian, Mr. Root’s test for, 48. keep for sake of honey, 4. keep for sake of money, 4. legends and literature of, 3. races of, 12. races of domestic, 47. reasons why one should keep, 3. relations to plants, 194. robbing, 164. secreting wax, Plate X. sense of smell, 92. swarming of, 64. telling the, 61. watering, 143. when they swarm, 65. why they swarm, 64. wild, 47.
Beeswax, adulterated, 126, 134. clarified by vinegar, 128. how to make it, 126. its value, 126. maxims for making, 135. press, 132. primitive method of rendering, 127. refining of, 134. rendered in wash-boiler, 129.
Beeswax-extractors, 130.
Black brood, 179.
Blue thistle, 204.
Boardman wax extractor, 130, 131.
Body wall, 181, Plate XXV.
Bonnet, 207.
Borage, 204.
Bottom board, 83.
Box elder in blossom, Plate XXX.
Box hives, 83, 208.
Brain, 188, Plate XXV.
Brimstoning bees, 208.
Brood, black, 179. foul, 176. foundation, 17. how to examine, 97. pickled, 179.
Brood chamber, 83. how to examine, 95. size of, 14.
Brood frame, Langstroth, how much honey it will hold, 146. examining of, Plate XIII. how to lift out, 96.
Brushing or shaking-out method to control swarming, 77.
Buckwheat, 201.
Buckwheat in blossom, Plate XXIX.
Cabbage palmetto, 199.
Cages, queen, 160, 161.
Candy for feeding bees, how to make, 141. Good, 141, 161.
Cans for shipping extracted honey in bulk, 123.
Carniolan bees, 47.
Carton for comb-honey, 106, 113.
Catnip, 204.
Cell of queen, 29.
Cellars for wintering bees, 150.
Cerasin, wax adulterant, 134.
Chaff hives, 11, 14.
Chaff hives for wintering, 148, Plate XXII.
Chyle food, 36. how regurgitated, 58.
City apiary, 22.
Cleome, 204.
Clipping wings of queen, 75.
Clover, 200.
Coggshall, 209.
Colonies, how to unite, 82.
Colony, queenless, 29. queenless, Mr. Root’s method of testing, 159, 160.
Comb building, Plate IX. built by many workers, 56. drone, 37. cell caps, construction of, 56. foundation for brood-chamber, 85. how to tell honey from brood in capped cells, 97. made without pollen, 50. making, described by A. I. Root, 53. making, Prof. V. L. Kellogg’s observation of, 53. mathematics of, 54. placing in extractor, Plate XIX. shape of, not fortuitous, 54. strength of, 56. uncapping of, Plate XIX.
Comb-honey and large hives, 77. bee-moth in, 174, 175. candied, 115. compared with extracted honey, 106, 124. conditions for production of, 107. grading of, 112. how to keep, 116. how to make, 106. in 8-frame hive, 14. marketing of, 114. maxims for producers of, 116. shipping of, 113. storing of, 115.
Combs for extracting, Plate XVIII.
Cook, Prof. A. J., method of uniting colonies, 82, 207. observation on bee-moth, 172.
_Coreopsis_, 204.
Corneil smoker, 11, 16. how to use, 93.
Coxa, 185.
Crabapple blossoms, Plate XXVIII.
Crimson clover, 200.
Cuticle, 182, Plate XXV.
Cyprians, 47, 210.
Daisy foundation fastener, 11, 17.
Dandelion, 205.
De Geer, 207.
Details concerning honey, 106.
Development of worker, 40.
Diarrhœa, prevention of, 180.
Diseases of bees, 176.
Division board, what it is, 13.
Division board feeder, Plate XII.
Dixie bee-brush, 12.
Doolittle division board feeder, 12. wax-extractor, 130, 131.
Drone, the, 34, Plate V. appearance of, 35. cell of, 37, Plate VIII. cells, how capped, 97. cells, size of, 56. comb, 37. death of, 35. eggs in worker cells, 37. flight of, 36. food of, 36. from unfertilised egg, 36. head of, Plate VI. leg of, Plate VII. life-history of, 36. killing of, 38, 39. maturity of, 37. physical characteristics of, 35, 36. reproductive organs of, Plate XXVI. trap, 19, Plate XVI. wedding flight of, 38.
Drones, great number of, 38. males, 27.
Dzierzon, 207, 208.
Egg, 192. queen, 29. tubes, 192, Plate XXVI.
Eggs, unfertilised, 33.
Egyptian bees, 47.
Enemies of bees, 172.
Entrance to hive, how to contract, 167.
_Epilobium angustifolium_, 204.
Eucalyptus, 199.
Extracted honey and large hives, 77. candied, 122, Plate XXI. care of, 121. compared with comb-honey, 106, 124. drawing from extractor, Plate XX. hive for, 14. how to bottle or can, 122. how to produce it, 117. in glass jars, Plate XXI. maxims for the producers of, 124. packages for, 123.
Extracting room and apparatus, Plate XVIII.
Extractor, honey, invention of, 117.
Extractor, Solar wax, 130.
Extractor, wax, 130.
Eyes, compound, 183, Plate VI. simple, 183, Plate VI.
Fabricius, 207.
Feeder, Boardman, 138. Division board, 138. Doolittle, 19. pepper-box, 139.
Feeders, Smith, Hedden, Miller, 139.
Feeding back, 143. bees, 136. candy, 140. chunk honey, 140. for honey, 142. for winter, 137. how to do it, 138. how to feed inside the hive, 138. how to feed outside the hive, 138. in fall, 136. in spring, 136. maxims for, 144. rye flour, 142. syrup in combs, 140. what to feed, 137.
Females of social insects, 27.
Fence, Plate III. between sections, 88.
Figwort, 204.
Fireweed, 204.
Flowers of the garden, 203.
Food of worker, 40.
Foul brood, 176, 179. how to detect, 177. remedy for, 177.
Foundation, brood, 17. super, 11.
Foundation-comb, 126, Plate XII. for brood-chamber, 85. for sections, how to cut, 89. how to place in frame, 85, 86. size of, 86.
Foundation-fastener, Daisy, 17. Parker, 18. super, 17. for extracted honey, 119. foundation for, 84.
Frames, Hoffman brood, 86. Hoffman self-spacing, 84. Langstroth movable, 84. self-spacing, Plate XII. spacing of, 84.
Fruit, not punctured by bees, 196.
Fruit trees, 196, 197.
Gall-berry, 204.
_Galleria mellonella_, 172.
Garden flowers, 203.
German bees compared with Italians, 48.
German steam wax press, 133.
Gill-over-the-ground, 204.
Glands, 189.
Glands of honey-bee, Plate XXV.
Goldenrod, 204.
Grapes, not punctured by bees, 197.
Guajilla, 199.
Hatch-Gemmill wax press, 133.
Head, 183, Plate XXV.
Heart, 188, Plate XXV.
Hetherington super springs, 90.
Hive, arrangement in apiary, 24. cover, 15, 83. the description of, 14. entrance, how to contract, 167. essential parts of, 83. history of, 83. how to get the cover off, 95. how to handle it, 83. how to lift out the brood-frames, 96. how to open, 92. industries of, 50. inhabitants of, 27. Langstroth, 8-frame, 10-frame, 14. maxims for opening, 104. one and one-half story, Plate XV. the reasons why it must be opened, 94. telescope cover, 91. tenement, for wintering, 149. to change the location of, 25.
Hive-stand, 15, 24.
Hives, chaff, 14, 15. chaff for wintering, 148, Plate XXII. Dadant-Quinby, size of, 77. decoy, 70. devices for carrying into cellar, 152. double-walled, 21. double-walled, cover for, 22. entrance toward south, 25. how to group, 20, 25. large, for extracted honey, 77. large sizes limit swarming, 77. observation, 103. shade boards for, 21. shaded by awning, 21. shaded by thatched roof, 21. shaded by trellis, 21. well shaded, Plate IV. where to put them, 20.
Hiving bees, Plate XI. maxims for, 72.
Holy Land bees, 47.
Honey, the amount produced in the United States, 58. basswood, 198. buckwheat, 202. composition of, 57. flowers, 194. gardens, 199, 204. healthful food, 58. how produced, 57. how to take off in supers, 101. house, 25. not made in the true stomach of the bee, 58. of Hymettus, 204. the only sweet of the ancients, 58. plants, 199. ripened in uncapped cells, 57. ripening of, 120. room, 25. sage, 203. uncapped, 120. uncapping of, 120. unripened for extracting, 119. weeds, 199. when to extract, 119. white clover, 200.
Honey-extractor, invention of, 117. principles of construction of, 118. use of, 119.
Honey-stomach, 57, 191, Plate XXVI.
Horsemint, 204.
House top for apiary, 22.
How to clip the queen’s wings, 100. to examine frames of brood-chamber, 95. to find the queen, 99. to find the queen cells, 98. to handle the bees, 91. to introduce a queen, 160, 161. to keep from keeping too many bees, 73. to make comb-honey, 106. to open the hive, 92. to produce extracted honey, 117. to rear queens, 156. to stop robbing, 167. to take off honey in supers, 101. to winter bees, 145. to winter bees in cellars, 150.
Hruschka, Major Francesco de, inventor of honey-extractor, 117.
Huber, 61, 103, 208.
Hutchinson, W. Z., method of treating after-swarms, 81.
Hymettus, honey of, 204.
Hypodermis, 182, Plate XXV.
Indian meal moth, 175.
Industries of the hive, 50.
Inhabitants of the hive, 27.
Introducing the queen, 157. by nucleus method, 162.
Interrelation of bees and plants, 194.
Intestine, 191, Plate XXVI.
Italian bees, 47, 204.
Italian worker, description of, 47.
Jars for extracted honey, 123.
Kellogg, Prof. V. L., 53, 103, 172.
Kitchen, how bees rob the, 165.
Labium, 184, Plate XXV.
Labrum, 184, Plate XXV.
Lamarck, 207.
Langstroth, 207, 208.
Latreille, 207.
Laying worker, 45, 79.
Leg, 185.
Legs of honey-bee, Plate VII.
Legumes, 200.
Linnæus, 207.
Location of hive, to mark, 25.
Locust blossoms, Plate XXXI.
Locusts, 197.
Males of social insects, 27.
Malpighian tubes, 191, Plate XXVI.
Malthusian practices of bees, 34.
Mandibles, 184, Plate XXV.
Manum swarm catcher, 12, 19.
Maple, mountain, Plate XXIV.
Maples, 154, 197.
Marjoram, 203.
Marketing comb-honey, 114.
Mason’s cans for extracted honey, 123.
Maxillæ, 184, Plate XXV.
Maxims for beeswax making, 135. for feeding, 144. for hiving bees, 72. for introducing queens, 163. for opening the hive, 104. for prevention of bee-moth, 176. for producers of comb-honey, 116. for the producer of extracted honey, 124. for wintering, 154. to prevent robbing, 171.
McEvoy, William, treatment of foul brood, 177.
Medics, 201.
Mellilots, 205.
Metatarsus, 185.
Micropyle, 192.
Milkweed, 204.
Miller, Dr., 102, 162.
Mignonette, 203.
Motherwort, 204.
Mouth parts, 184, Plate XXV.
Muscles, 187, Plate XXV.
Muth bottles for extracted honey, 123.
Nervous system, 188, Plate XXV.
Nucleus, method of introducing queen, 162. to begin with, 13.
Observation hives, 103, opposite frontispiece.
Ocelli, 183, Plate VI.
Out-apiaries, 209.
Ovaries, 192, Plate XXVI.
Oviduct, 192, Plate XXVI.
_Oxydendrum arboreum_, 199.
Palpi, 185, Plate XXV.
Paraffine, wax adulterant, 134.
Parker foundation fastener, 18.
Partnership of bees and plants, 195.
Peach, 196.
Pear, 196.
Pickled brood, 179.
Piping of queen, 31, 32.
Planting for honey impractical, 199.
Pliny, 207.
_Plodia interpunctella_, 175.
Plum, 196.
Plum blossoms, Plate XXIII.
Points about beeswax, 126.
Poison glands, 193, Plate XXVI.
Pollen, 59. fed to drone, 37. how gathered, 59. in cells, 98. how placed in cell, 60. made into bee-bread, 60.
Pollen-baskets, 59, 186, Plate VII.
Pollen-comb, Plate VII.
Porter bee-escape, 12, 18.
Propolis, how collected, 62. how to dissolve, 63. its source, 60, 61. made from varnish and cement, 61. various uses of, 62.
Pussy willows, 197.
Queen, Plate V. armour of, 30, 31. balling of, 32, 158, 159. cages, 160, 161, Plate XVI. cages, the Miller, 162. capacity for egg-laying, 28. cell, 29, Plate V. cell, how to find, 98. cell, how to cut out, 98. clipping wings of, 75. development of, 28. duels, 30, 31. egg, 29. excluder, 78. first flight of, 32. head of, Plate VI. her attendants, 28. how she lays eggs, 33, 34. how to find, 99. how to handle, 99. how to introduce, 160. introducing by nucleus method, 162. introducing cage, Plate V. introducing of, 157. issues from cell, 30. larva, 30. leg of, Plate VII. maxims for introducing, 163. mother of her subjects, 27. piping of, 31, 32. rearing, 156, 157. removed to prevent swarming, 79. reproductive organs of, 30, Plate XXVI. selection of, 27, 28. surrounded by workers, 99. tested, 14. trap, 19, 75, Plate XIV. virgin, leads after-swarms, 79, 80, 81. weapons, 30, 31. wedding flight of, 32. when to introduce, 159.
Queen-clipping device, 100.
Queen-excluding honey-board, use of, 108.
Queenless colony, 29.
Queens, development of new, 29. females, 27.
Queen’s wings, how to clip, 100.
Quinby, 207.
Rape, 202.
Rauchfuss wax-extractor, 130, 131.
Rearing queens, 156.
Réaumur, 207.
Red clover, 200.
Red maple, 197.
Red raspberry, 202.
Reproductive organs, 191, Plate XXVI.
Respiratory system, 188, Plate XXVI.
Robbing, borrowing, 170. fate of the robbed colony, 170. how it is done, 166. how to detect, 167. how to prevent, 102. how to stop, 167, 168, 169. maxims to prevent, 171. the result of, 164. slow, 170. when it is likely to happen, 165. why, 164.
Rocky Mountain bee plant, 204.
Root, 207. treatment of foul brood, 177. views about smoking bees, 93.
Royal jelly, 29.
Rye flour for feeding, 142.
Sage, white, 203.
Sage, black or button, 203.
_Scrofularia venalis_, 204.
Section glazed for comb-honey, 106. holder, Plate XIV. holders, 88. of honey, Plate XIV.
Section-boxes, 88, Plates II., III., XIV. no bee-way, 88. with beeways, 88.
Sections, 11, 17. fence between, 88. foundation-comb for, 89. how to put together, 89. how to take off, 110. no bee-way, 16. scraping of, 112. stained, 111. unfinished, 110.
Sense hairs, Plate VII.
Sense organs, 183.
Sense pits, Plate VII.
Shade for hives, 21.
Sheep in apiary, 23.
Shipping-cases for comb-honey, 113.
Skeleton, 181, 187, Plate XXV.
Slumgum, 131.
Smell, organs of, 184.
Smoking bees, should be done carefully, 93, 94.
Smoker, Corneil, 16, Plate II. how to fill and use, 92, 93.
Social insects, 27. increase of, 64.
Solar wax-extractor, 130, 131.
Sour wood, 198.
Spanish needle, 204.
Spraying fruit blossoms with arsenic, 196.
Spermatheca, 192, Plate XXVI.
Spermatozoa, 192.
Spider flower, 204.
Spiracles, 188, Plate XXVI.
Spring dwindling, 154.
Spur, Plate VII.
Spur wire-embedder, 86.
Stained sections, 111.
Sting, 193, Plate XXVI.
Stomach, 191, Plate XXVI.
Sumach blossoms, Plate XXIV.
Storifying, 110.
Sunflower, 203.
Super, 11. boxes, 209. cover, 11, 91. description of, 87. filled with section-boxes, Plate XV. for comb-honey, 87. for extracted honey, 87. foundation, 17. how to entice bees into, 108. how to prepare, 90. how to prepare and place in hive, 91. partly filled, Plate III. parts of, 87. ready to be filled, Plate XII. springs, 88, 90.
Supers, 15, 83. different kinds of, 88. how to take off when filled with honey, 101.
Swammerdam, 207.
Swarm, how to hive, 66, 68. how to manage in difficult places, 69. how to reconcile to new hive, 70. how to stop, 66. size of, 65. throwing dirt at, 67. use, fountain pump with, 67. Mr. West’s device for saving, 71. when given off, 65.
Swarm-catcher, the Manum, 19.
Swarming, conditions that lead to, 65. control by brushing out method, 77. control by extracting honey, 76. control by giving room, 76. control by removing queen, 79. lessened by use of large hives, 77. necessary to produce comb-honey, 75. of bees, 64. owing to queen or workers, 65.
Swarms, dividing of, 78.
Sweet clover, 205.
Swiss wax extractor, 131.
Syrian, 47.
Syrup, for feeding bees how to make, 137. medicated for foul brood, 177.
Taking up bees, 208.
Tallow, wax adulterant, 134.
Tarsus, 185.
Telescope cover, 15.
Tenement hives for wintering, 149.
Tents for bee-keepers, 102.
Termites, 27.
Thorax, 185.
Thorn-apple blossoms, Plate XXVIII.
Thyme, 203.
Tibia, 185.
Tiering up, 108.
Tin pails for extracted honey, 123.
Tinned wire, 12.
Tongue, 184, Plate XXV.
Tracheæ, 189, Plate XXVI.
Trap for queen, 75.
Trap, queen and drone, 19.
Trees, 196.
Trochanter, 185.
Turnip, 202.
Uncapping, 120.
Uncapping cans, the Dadant, 121.
Uncapping knife, Bingham, 120.
Urinary organs, 191.
Vagina, 192.
Van Deusen wax-tube fastener, 12, 18, 86.
Varnish used as bee glue, 61.
Vas deferens, 193, Plate XXVI.
Veil, need for, 16.
Village garden for apiary, 22.
Wasps, 27.
Watering bees, 143.
Wax, amount of honey required to make, 50. bees hang in curtains to make, 52. bees secreting, Plate X. the constituents of, 51. how to make it, 126. made in the fields, 52. made when need for, 52. press, 132, 133. the secretion of, 50. scales, 52.
Wax-extractors, 130.
Wax-glands, 52, 191, Plate XXVI.
Wax-pincers, 186, Plate VII.
Wax-plates, 51, Plates VI., XXV.
Wax-tube fastener, 18, Plate III.
Weeds, 203.
When to feed, 136.
When to introduce a queen, 159.
When to put bees into cellar, 153.
White clover, 200.
Wild flowers, 203.
Willow, 154, 197.
Wings, 185.
Wintering bees in single-walled hives, 145. diarrhœa, 179. getting ready for, 146. how much food needed for, 146. in cellars, 150. in chaff hives, 148, Plate XXII. in hive boxes, 147. in tenement hives, 149. maxims for, 154. out doors, 147. poor honey for, 147. spring dwindling, 154. when to put bees in the cellar, 153. when to take bees out of cellar, 153. ways of, 147.
Wire embedded by heat, 87.
Wire embedder, 86, Plate III.
Wire, tinned, 18, 85.
Worker, 39, Plate V. cell of, 37, 40, 55. cocoon of, 41. death of, 39.
Worker eggs, in drone cells, 37. head of, Plate VI. laying, 45, 46. leg of, Plate VII. life and habits of, 42, 43. life-history of, 40, 41. maturity of, 41. moulting of, 41. old age and death of, 44.
Workers, labourers, 27.
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
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Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.
Pg 2: ‘Form’ replaced by ‘From’ in second caption. Pg 16: ‘Cornell smokers’ replaced by ‘Corneil smokers’. Pg 16: ‘Plate I.’ replaced by ‘Plate II.’, in section on Corneil smokers. Pg 70: ‘onorous’ replaced by ‘onerous’. Pg 93: ‘Cornell smokers’ replaced by ‘Corneil smokers’. Pg 146: ‘extravgance’ replaced by ‘extravagance’. Pg 164: ‘prevades’ replaced by ‘pervades’. Pg 179: ‘disscribed’ replaced by ‘described’. Pg 183: ‘from a compact box’ replaced by ‘form a compact box’. Pg 184: ‘known at the _labrum_’ replaced by ‘known as the _labrum_’. Pg 196: ‘pollenation’ replaced by ‘pollination’. Pg 221: ‘Cogshall’ replaced by ‘Coggshall’. Pg 223: ‘Guagilla’ replaced by ‘Guajilla’. Pg 224: ‘Latrielle’ replaced by ‘Latreille’. Pg 225: ‘Œsophagus’ replaced by ‘Æsophagus’ and moved to pg 219. Pg 227: Page for ‘Thyme’ changed from 230 to 203.