[1243] Text: _Strategem._, ed. pr. (with Aelian, Vegetius, Modestus), Rome, 1487; Modius, Leid., 1607; Oudendorp, Leid., 1731, 1779; Gundermann, Lpz., 1888; Eng. trans., Scott, Lond., 1816. _De Aquis_, ed. pr. (with Vitruvius), Pompon. Laetus, 1484-1492; Polenus (_Proleg. vita_, etc.), Pad., 1722; Dederich (with Germ. tr.), Wesel, 1841; Nisard (with Fr. tr.), Par., 1846; Bücheler, Lpz., 1858; Herschel (with facsim. of MS., and Eng. tr.), Bost., 1899; Krohn, Lpz., 1922. Complete Wks.: Keuchen, Amst., 1661; Bipont ed., 1788; Dederich, Lpz., 1855; McElwain (Eng. tr.), Loeb ed., Lond. and N. Yk., 1925. To consult: Lanciani, _Topografia di Roma antica, i commentarii di Frontino intorno le acque_ (_Memorie ... della Accad. dei Lincei_, bol. 4), Rome, 1881; Ashby, _Die antiken Wasserleitungen d. Stadt Rom_ (_Neue Jahrb. f. d. klass. Altert._, 1909) (with his maps in _Builder_, Jan. 11, 1908, in _Papers of Brit. School at Rome_, and, in part, in “Livellazione degli antichi acquedotti romani,” _Memorie della società italiana delle scienze_, etc. ser. 3, vol. XX., 1917, by Reina, Corbellini and Ducci).

[1244] _Epig._ X. lviii. 5-6: “Doctas tecum celebrare uacabat Pieridas.”

[1245] Tac., _H._, IV. xxxix.

[1246] Tac., _Agr._, xvii: “sustinuit molem Iulius Frontinus.”

[1247] _Strat._, I. i. 8, I. iii. 10, II. iii. 23, II. xi. 7.

[1248] Domitian’s cognomen “Germanicus” is mentioned, _Strat._, II. xi. 7; he got it in A.D. 84.

[1249] _Strat._, I., _ad init._: “cum ad instruendam rei militaris scientiam unus ex numero studiosorum eius accesserim....”

[1250] _De Aq._, _praef._ 1: “nosse quod suscepi”; 2: “indecorum ... delegatum officium ex adiutorum agere praeceptis.”

[1251] _Ep._, IV. viii.

[1252] See Lachmann’s _Gromatici Veteres_, 1848.

[1253] _Strat._, I. _praef._: “cum hoc opus, sicut cetera, usus potius aliorum quam meae commendationis causa aggressus sim.”

[1254] Fritze, _De F. Strat. libro IV._, diss., Halle, 1888; Esternaux, _Die Komposition von Frontins Strat._, progr., Berl., 1889; Kortz, _Quaest. grammat. de F. operibus institutae_, diss., Münst., 1893.

[1255] Wölfflin, _Frontins Kriegslisten_, in _Herm._, IX. (1875), points out resemblances in thought despite the difference of subject; and the occurrence of significant similarities like _conuolnerare_, _Strat._, II. v. 31, _Aq._ 27 and 115; _depressus_ = _humilis_, _Str._, I. v. 24, _Aq._ 65; _adiutorium_ = _auxilium_, _Str._ II. v. 11, _Aq._ 14 and 67.

[1256] Wölfflin, _Herm._, IX., instances _ad_ with geographical names used differently from F.’s usage; _traditur_ used impersonally; total absence in Bk. IV. of certain phrases recurrent in F. like _ob hoc_, _ob id_, _et ideo_, _ideoque_, _eoque_; and unnecessary use of _suus_ with _frater_, _filius_, etc. There seems very little in the last point. In IV. i. 32 _suum_ is properly added to _fratrem_ for emphasis; but _filium_ in 40 and _fratrem_ in 41 have no _suum_.

[1257] This was Wachsmuth’s view, _Rh. Mus._, XV. (1860), pp. 574-583. Wölfflin agreed, _Herm._, IX. (1875), p. 91: “wir haben aber keinen Grund Wachsmuth zu widersprechen, wenn er die Entstehung des Buches (= _Strat._, IV.) in das vierte, oder auch fünfte, Jahrh. setzt.”

[1258] _Quaest. de ... strat. libris_ in _Fleckeis. Jahr. Suppl._, 1888.

[1259] Schanz, _Philol._, xlviii. (1889), p. 647; _Gesch. d. röm. Lit._, II. ii., p. 512. See _Str._ IV. iii. 14: “Lingonum opulentissima ciuitas ... septuaginta milia armatorum tradidit mihi.”

[1260] _Praef._, par. 4, reads like an addition designed to account for the existence of a fourth book on a commander’s strategics as a pendant to the special stratagems of I.-III.

[1261] _Str._, IV. v. 8, is the same as I. v. 12 except for _perrupit_ changed to _erupit_; IV. v. 9 shows a few slight changes on I. v. 14; and IV. v. 10 and 11 = I. v. 15 and I. xi. 3.

[1262] II. iv. 15 and 16 come from IV. vii. 4. and 41.

[1263] I. i. 11 is repeated as I. v. 13.

[1264] _Cf._ Livy, II. x., with _Strat._, II. xiii. 5.

[1265] _Strat._, III. _praef._: “machinamentis quorum expleta iampridem inuentione nullam uideo ultra artium materiam.”

[1266] Perhaps one of his closest copies is _Str._, I. v. 16, based on Liv., XXXV. xi. Here, Livy’s “Caudinae cladis memoria ... obuersabatur” becomes “obuersaretur Caudinae cladis exemplum”; “per ludibrium spectaculo esse” is repeated word for word; and “subditis calcaribus inter medias stationes hostium erupere” becomes “additis calcaribus per intermissas hostium stationes eruperunt.”

[1267] _E.g._ Liv., I. xxvii.; Val. Max., VII. iv. 1; _Str._, II. vii. 1. Here Frontinus seems independent of Val. Max., though, like him, he happens to introduce the word _fiducia_.

[1268] In _Str._, IV. i. 31 a dozen consecutive words (but for a change of an adjective to a noun) are identical with Val. Max., II. vii. 4.

[1269] _De Aq._, _praef._ 1: “Nerua Augusto”; 93: “Traianum Augustum”; 118: “diuus Nerua.” Krohn (Teubner ed., 1922) defends in his preface the title _De Aquaeductu Vrbis Romae_.

[1270] _Praef._ 2.

[1271] _De Aq._, 88: “Sentit hanc curam imperatoris piissimi Neruae principis sui regina et domina orbis in dies, et magis sentiet salubritas eiusdem aucto castellorum, operum, munerum et lacuum numero. Nec minus ad priuatos commodum ex incremento beneficiorum eius diffunditur; illi quoque qui timidi inlicitam aquam ducebant, securi nunc ex beneficiis fruuntur. Ne pereuntes quidem aquae otiosae sunt: alia munditiarum facies, purior spiritus, et causae grauioris caeli quibus apud ueteres urbis infamis aer fuit, sunt remotae.”

[1272] _De Aq._, 16: “Tot aquarum tam multis necessariis molibus pyramidas uidelicet otiosas compares aut cetera inertia sed fama celebrata opera Graecorum.”

[1273] Plin., _Ep._, IX. xix. 6.

[1274] _De Aq._, 100-101, 104, 106, 108.

[1275] _De Aq._, 7, 76, 97. Vitruvius, the architect, is mentioned twice in 25.

[1276] _Eg._ “Citra uexationem,” _Str._, I. viii. 9; “circa praedam occupatos,” I. vi. 3; “circa gratulationem morantis,” II. ix. 8; “quamquam dissimularent,” I. ii. 9; “instructuris,” II. _praef._ 1; “traditurus,” III. _praef._

[1277] _Philipp._, XIII. xix. 43: “uerbum omnino nullum in lingua Latina.”

[1278] “adiutorium,” IV. vii. 31; _cf._ II. v. 11; “foret,” IV. vi. 3, vii. 9; _cf._ “forent,” III. xvi. 3; “notabilis,” IV. iii. 13 (“notabiliter,” IV. i. 1); _cf._ III. viii. 2; “subinde,” IV. i. 1, vii. 13; and often in the earlier books.

[1279] Text: ed. pr., Ruger, et Bertoch., Bolog., 1474; Badius, Par., 1517; Ald., Ven., 1523; Carrio, Antw., 1565; Heinsius, Amst., 1680; Burman, c. not. varior., Utr., 1702, Leyd., 1724; Harles, Altenb., 1781; Wagner, c. comm. perpet., Gött., 1805; Lemaire, Par., 1825; Thilo (proleg.), Halle, 1863; Schenkl, Berl., 1871; E. Bährens, Lpz., 1875; Langen, Berl., 1897; Giarratano, Mil., 1904; Bury in _Corp. P. Lat._, Lond., 1905; Kramer, Lpz., 1913.

Trans.: Book I. (Eng. verse), T. Noble, 1808; (text w. Fr. verse) Dureau de Lamalle, 3 vols., Par., 1811; Fr. prose w. Lemaire text in Didot ed., 1864.

Studies: Greiff, _De ... Argonauticis cum ... Aeneide comparatis_, Trient, 1869; Schenkl, _Studien zu d. Argon. des V. Fl._ in _Sitzungsber. d. Wien Akad._, p. 271, 1871; Gebbing, _De V. Fl. tropis et figuris_, Marb., 1878; _De V. Fl. dicendi genere_, Cobl., 1888; Peters, _De V. Fl. vita et carmine_, Königsb., 1890; Moltzer, _De Ap. Rhodii et V. Flacci Argon._, Utr., 1891; Summers, _A Study of the Arg. of V. Fl._, Camb., 1894; Harmand, _De V. Flacco Ap. Rhodii imitatore_ (bibliog.), Nancy, 1898; Heeren, _De Chorographia a V. Fl. adhibita_, Gött., 1899; Renkema, _Observ. crit. et exeget. ad Argon._, Utr., 1906.

[1280] _Arg._, I. 5 _sqq._; _cf._ III. 417 _sqq._, VIII. 239 _sqq._

[1281] I. 7 _sqq._

[1282] III. 207, IV. 507.

[1283] Valerius is not consistent about the Argo as first of ships. However strange its building may be considered in the Thessaly of Bk. I., the Lemnians of Bk. II. are supposed to have sailed back in ships from Thrace (II. 108-111), and Hypsipyle sent her father off secretly in an old ship (II. 285-287).

[1284] _Odys._, xii. 70: Ἀργώ πᾶσι μέλουσα.

[1285] Prob. ad _Georg._, II. 126: “Media ... a Medo, filio Medeae et Aegei, ut existimat Varro qui iv. libros de Argonautis edidit.”

[1286] Summers, _A Study of the Argonautica_, pp. 15 _sqq._

[1287] I. 275:

“... Sparguntur litore curuo Lumina nondum ullis terras monstrantia nautis.”

[1288] I. 311: “Alma nouo crispans pelagus Tithonia Phoebo.”

[1289] I. 558-560.

[1290] I. 723-724:

“Sunt hic etiam tua uulnera, praedo, Sunt lacrimae carusque parens.”

[1291] _Cf._ _Arg._, I. 833-851 with _Aen._, VI. 638-641 and 660-664. Many words are intentional echoes, _amoena_, _deueniant_, _campos_, _sol_.

[1292] II. 38-47:

“Auxerat hora metus, iam se uertentis Olympi Vt faciem raptosque simul montesque locosque Ex oculis circumque graues uidere tenebras. Ipsa quies rerum mundique silentia terrent Astraque et effusis stellatus crinibus aether. Ac uelut ignota captus regione uiarum Noctiuagum qui carpit iter non aure quiescit, Non oculis, noctisque metus niger auget utrimque Campus et occurrens umbris maioribus arbor, Haud aliter trepidare uiri.”

[1293] III. 596-597:

“Rursus Hylan et rursus Hylan per longa reclamat Auia: responsant siluae et uaga certat imago.”

[1294] III. 724-725.

[1295] IV. 744: “Certa fides animis idem quibus incidit hostis.”

[1296] V. 343-347.

[1297] VI. 493-495.

[1298] VII. ll. 89 _sqq._

[1299] VII. 415-416.

[1300] VII. 429-430.

[1301] VII. 477, a highly alliterative line:

“Sis memor, oro, mei, contra memor ipsa manebo.”

[1302] _Aen._, IV. 323-324.

[1303] VIII. 419 _sqq._

[1304] VIII. 439 _sqq._

[1305] VIII. 458 _sqq._

[1306] Summers, _A Study_, etc., pp. 18-26; Butler, _Post-Augustan Poetry_, pp. 182-188.

[1307] Schenkl, _Studien_, pp. 279 _sqq._; Summers, _op. cit._, pp. 2-3; _cf._ p. 6.

[1308] Summers, _op. cit._, p. 7.

[1309] I. 5-6, 7-17, 20-21.

[1310] I. 559; II. 245, 304, 574.

[1311] VI. 53-56, 402 _sqq._; 410, 420.

[1312] VII. 83-86, 232-234.

[1313] Summers, _op. cit._, pp. 8-12.

[1314] Juv., I. 10-11.

[1315] See Gebbing’s pamphlets in bibliog.; and Summers, _op. cit._, esp. pp. 42-49.

[1316] III. 208-209:

“ut mugitor anhelat Vesuius, attonitas acer cum suscitat urbes.”

[1317] IV., 462, 501, 542, 549.

[1318] Summers, _op. cit._, p. 54, gives a list of alliterations from the first four books.

[1319] Summers, _op. cit._, p. 62, gives references to ten; _e.g._ IV. 158: “melior uulgi nam saepe uoluntas” (“a people’s heart is often better than their king’s”).

[1320] _Eg._ Similes become especially frequent in the description of the fighting in Bk. III., and in Hercules’s alarm over the absence of Hylas (III. 577, 581, 587). Among natural and pathetic similes is that on children praying that their father seriously ill may be spared (V. 22-24).

[1321] VII. 124 _sqq._; IV. 507.

[1322] V. 43: “ubi monstriferae par ille nouercae?”

[1323] Ed. pr., Sweynheym et Pannartz, Rome, 1471; Parm., 1481; Mil., 1481; c. Marsi schol., Ven., 1483, 1492, 1493, and Par., 1512; Benessa, Lugd., 1514; Nicander (wilful interpolations), Flor., 1515; F. Asulanus, (Aldine) Ven., 1523; D. Heinsius, Leyd., 1600; Drakenborch, Utr., 1717; Ernesti, Lpz., 1791; Ruperti, Gött., 1795-1798; Nisard, ed. Didot (Fr. prose tr.), Par., 1878; Bauer, Lpz., 1890-1892; Summers, _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905.

Eng. trans.: Thos. Ross, _Second Punick War_ (_w. continuation to Death of Hannibal_) Lond., 1661.

On Sources, etc.: Wezel, _De Sil. Ital. cum fontibus tum exemplis_, diss., Lpz., 1873; Heynacher, _Die Quellen des Sil._, Ilfeld, 1874; _Die Stellung des Sil. unter d. Quellen des 2ten pun. Kriegs_, Ilf., 1877 (attempt to displace Livy as Silius’s source in favour of some early annalist like Fabius Pictor); Kerer, _Ueber d. Abhängigkeit des S.I. von Livius_, Bozen, 1881; Schlichteisen, _De fide historica Silii_, Königeb., 1881; Bauer, _Das Verhältn. der Pun. des S.I. zur 3. Dekade des Livius_, Erlang., 1884.

On Date of Composn., etc.: Schinkel, _Quaest. Silianae_, diss., Halle, 1883; Buchwald, _Quaest. Sil._, diss., Bresl., 1886.

On Language: Zingerle, _Zu späteren lat. Dichtern_, Heft II., pp. 12 _sqq._; “Zu Lucan, Silius, Martial,” Innsb., 1879; Brandstäter, _De Pun. ... argumento, stilo, ornatu poetico_, Witten, 1877; Occioni, _L’arte in S. Ital._, etc., in _Scritti di lett. latina_, Rome, 1891; Lindblom, _In S. Ital. Punica Quaestiones_, Upsal., 1906.

[1324] Tac., _Hist._, III. lxv.; Mart. VII. lxiii., VIII. lxvi., IX. lxxxvi., XI. xlviii. and l., XII. lxvii. 5.

[1325] From the _fasti sodalium Augustalium Claudialium_ (_C.I.L._, VI., 1984; Dessau, 5025).

[1326] Mart., VII. lxiii. 5-8; _cf._ IX. lxxxvi. 2: “Ausonio non semel ore potens.”

[1327] Epict., _Diss._, III. 8, 7.

[1328] Mart., IV. xiv. 1-5.

[1329] Mart., VII. lxiii. 1-2:

“Perpetui numquam moritura uolumina Sili Qui legis.”

Martial’s seventh book belongs to the end of 92.

[1330] Bickels, _Rh. M._, 66 (1911), p. 505.

[1331] _Pun._, II. 215:

“Sicut agit leuibus per sera crepuscula pennis E pastu uolucres ad nota cubilia Vesper; Aut, ubi Cecropius formidine nubis aquosae Sparsa super flores examina tollit Hymettos, Ad dulces ceras et odori corticis antra Mellis apes grauidae properant, densoque uolatu, Raucum connexae glomerant ad limina murmur.”

[1332] III. 145: “Quantum etenim distant a morte silentia uitae!”

[1333] IV. 603-604.

[1334] IV. 791-795.

[1335] V. 673-676:

“Fronte minae durant, et stant in uultibus irae. Et uereor no quae tanta creat indole tellus Magnanimos fecunda uiros, huic fata dicarint Imperium, atque ipsis deuincat cladibus orbem.”

[1336] VI. 118 _sqq._

[1337] VI. 373 _sqq._

[1338] VIII. 144-223 belong to this digression, and first appeared in the Aldine ed., 1523, supplying a lacuna in earlier edns. Their genuineness is effectively defended by Heitland, _Jrl. Phil._, XXIV., 1896.

[1339] VIII. 327-348.

[1340] VIII. 408-411.

[1341] VIII. 593 _sqq._

[1342] IX. 250-251.

[1343] IX. 346-353.

[1344] X. 521 _sqq._

[1345] X. 572 _sqq._

[1346] X. 629.

[1347] XIV. 341 _sqq._

[1348] XV. 26-27:

“lasciuaque crebras Ancipiti motu iaciebant lumina flammas.”

[1349] _Eg._ esp. XV. 53-67.

[1350] XVII. 213-217, an imitation of Lucan’s description of Pompey’s farewell to Italy, _Phars._, III. 3-5.

[1351] XVII. 608-612.

[1352] On the oratorical side also Silius departs from Livy’s themes without any intention of making his speeches historical in effect. See R. B. Steele, “The Method of Silius Italicus,” _Class. Philol._, XVII., 1922.

[1353] The conventionality of the similes is emphasized by their frequency, and their effectiveness proportionally lessened. At least 15 occur in Bk. VII., 13 in Bk. X., 11 in Bk. XVII. They are sometimes elaborated to 6 or 7 lines, sometimes restricted to a few words, _e.g._ “ut torrens,” XV. 712, the first of 5 similes in 3 lines.

[1354] It was unfortunate for Silius that his employment of proper names and the position assigned to them in his metrical structure followed Lucan’s manner rather than Virgil’s.

[1355] IV. 173-174, V. 455-456, XIII. 246-248, XV. 470 (“absciso durabant murmura collo”).

[1356] XIV. 550.

[1357] XV. 767-768.

[1358] _Phars._, II. 203; _Pun._, IV. 553, IX. 321.

[1359] V. 210 _sqq._, VI. 300 (“praesumta piacula”).

[1360] IV. 82-87.

[1361] IV. 481, XI. 513-515, XV. 676-677.

[1362] III. 285-286:

“qui sacratas in littore siluas Atque inter frondes reuirescere uiderat aurum.”

[1363] I. 179; XI. 186-188; XV. 20-120, 819-820.

[1364] XIII. 772-734.

[1365] _Cf._ VIII. 290-291: “nigro adlatrauerat ore uictorem inuidia.”

[1366] _Pun._, I. 231-233:

“Astur auarus Visceribus lacerae telluris mergitur imis, Et redit infelix effosso concolor auro”;

_Silu._, IV. vii. 14-16:

“Dalmatae montes, ubi Dite uiso Pallidus fossor redit erutoque Concolor auro.”

[1367] _Cf._ Ennius’s “At tuba terribili sonitu taratantara dixit,” and Virgil, _Aen._, IX. 503:

“At tuba terribilem sonitum procul aere canoro Increpuit.”

[1368] _Cf._ _Iliad_, XVI. 215: ἀσπὶς ἄρ’ ἀσπίδ’ ἔρειδε, κόρυς κόρυν, ἀνέρα δ’ ἀνήρ: Ennius, “premitur pede pes atque armis arma teruntur”; Furius Antias (_c._ 100 B.C.) ap. Macrob., _Sat._, VI. iii. 5: “pressatur pede pes, mucro mucrone, uiro uir”; Virg., _Aen._, X. 361: “haeret pede pes densusque uiro uir”; and Statius, perhaps reminded by Silius, takes over this conventional line, _Theb._, VIII. 399: “ense minax ensis, pede pes, et cuspide cuspis.” The half-dozen lines in Silius (IX. 321 _sqq._) make a good example of a mosaic of archaisms; Lucan is imitated in “nec ... artatis cecidisse licet”; the rare _flictu_ is Pacuvian and Virgilian; _fatiscit_ echoes Virgil; and the alliteration introduced is designedly quaint.

[1369] Text: ed. pr., Rome,(?) 1475; c. comm., Ven., 1483, 1494; Aldus, Ven., 1502 and 1519; Tiliobroga (= Lindenbrog), Par., 1600; Gronov., Amst., 1653; Veenhusen (varior. not.), Leyd., 1671; _Theb._, i.-vi., O. Müller, Lpz., 1870; Opera, 3 vols., Lpz., 1884-1902 (_Silv._, _Achill._, Klotz.; _Theb._, Kohlmann; commentarios rec. Jahnke); _Theb._, _Achill._, Wilkins in _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905; Garrod, Oxf., 1906; _Siluae_: Markland, Lond., 1728; Vollmer (Germ. comment.), Lpz., 1898; Davies in _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905; Phillimore, Oxf., 1905; ed. 2, 1917; Sänger, Petrogr., 1909; Klotz, ed. 2, Lpz., 1911.

Comment.: Gronovii, _In Silv. ... Diatribe_, Hag., 1637 (also in Veenhusen’s ed., 1671); Nohl, _Quaest. Stat._, Berl., 1871; Lehanneur, _De P. P. Statii Vita et Operibus Quaest._, thèse, La Rochelle, 1878; Vollmer, Introd. to ed. of _Silv._, 1898; Legras, _Les légendes Théb. dans l’epopée et la tragéd. grecq._, Par., 1905; _Étude sur la Théb. de Stace_, Par., 1905; _Les Puniques et la Thébaïde_ (_Rev. d. étud. anciennes_), 1906; Giri, in _Riv. di filol. ... classica_, vol. 35, 3, 1907 (biogr. points).

Eng. Trans.: _Theb._, 5 Bks. (verse), Stephens, 1648; _Achill._ (verse), Howard, 1660; _Theb._, Bk. I., Pope (heroic couplets), transd. 1703, pubd. 1712 (also in Chalmers’s _Wks. of Eng. Poets_, Vol. XX., 1810); _Theb._, Lewis (couplets), ed. 2, 1773; _Silv._, II. vii. (“Lucan’s Birthday,” octosyll.); _C.R._, XXI. (1907), p. 92; _Silv._, Slater (prose), Oxf., 1908.

[1370] _Silv._, V. iii. 72-73: “mihi limine primo ... ceu raptus,” etc., implies that Statius regarded his father, although a man of 65, as having been snatched away from vigorous manhood by an untimely death.

[1371] _Silv._, IV. iv. 69-70: “nos facta aliena canendo vergimur in senium.”

[1372] Juv., VII. 86. This must have been before Paris’s loss of Domitian’s favour in 83.

[1373] Juv., VII. 82.

[1374] _Silv._, I. _praef._: “adhuc pro Thebaide mea, quamuis me reliquerit, timeo.” The words in _Silv._, IV. iv. 89, “Thebais optato collegit carbasa portu” (published in A.D. 95), apparently refer to the attainment of fame by the _Thebaid_ some time after publication.

[1375] _Silv._, I. v. 8, III. ii. 40 and 142, III. v. 35-36.

[1376] _Theb._, XII. 810 _sqq._:

“Durabisne procul dominoque legere superstes, O mihi bissenos multum uigilata per annos, Thebaï....”

_Cf._ _Silv._, IV. vii. 26: “Thebais multa cruciata lima.”

[1377] _Silv._, IV. iv. 94-96.

[1378] _Ib._, IV. vii. 23-24: “primis ecce metis haeret Achilles”; V. v. 36-37: “pudeat Thebasque nouumque Aeaciden.”

[1379] V. ii. 162-163.

[1380] Postgate’s _C.P.L._, p. 430.

[1381] As a Livian epitomator he is discussed by Galdi, _L’Epitome nella letteratura latina_, 1922, pp. 40-43.

[1382] _Silv._, IV. iv. 48-55:

“sed uiget ingenium et magnos accinctus in usus fert animus quascumque uices....”

[1383] _Silv._, IV. ii.

[1384] _Silv._, IV. vi.

[1385] _Silv._, IV. vi. 12-14:

“nobis uerus amor medioque Helicone petitus sermo hilaresque ioci brumalem absumere noctem suaserunt.”

[1386] The exact total is 9741 hexameters.

[1387] _Theb._, I. 536 _sqq._:

“Noua deinde pudori Visa uirum facies: pariter pallorque ruborque Purpureas hausere genas oculique uerentis Ad sanctum rediere patrem.”

[1388] II. 319 _sqq._:

“Exedere animum dolor iraque demens Et qua non grauior mortalibus addita curis, Spes ubi longa uenit.”

[1389] II. 547 _sqq._

[1390] II. 611-612.

[1391] III. 255 _sqq._

[1392] IV. 438 _sqq._

[1393] IV. 680 _sqq._

[1394] VII. 478.

[1395] VII. 779 _sqq._

[1396] VII. 816 _sqq._

[1397] VIII. 614 _sqq._

[1398] VIII. 643.

[1399] _Th._, XII. 481 _sqq._:

Vrbe fuit media nulli concessa potentum, Ara deum: mitis posuit Clementia sedem, Et miseri fecere sacram; sine supplice numquam Illa nouo, nulla damnauit uota repulsa. Auditi quicumque rogant, noctesque diesque Ire datum et solis numen placare querellis. Parca superstitio: non turea flamma, nec altus Accipitur sanguis: lacrimis altaria sudant.

[1400] His use of Euripides has been recently considered by Reussner, diss., Halle, 1921.

[1401] One finds chains of phraseology like Ovid, _Met._, XV. 529: “unumque erat omnia uolnus,” Luc., _Phars._, IX. 814: “totum est pro uolnere corpus,” Stat., _Theb._, V. 598: “totumque in uolnere corpus.”

[1402] _E.g._ “Scire nefas,” _Theb._, III. 563.

[1403] _Ach._, 7: “tota iuuenem deducere Troia.”

[1404] _Ach._, 8-13.

[1405] _Purgat._, xxi. 89: “Tolosano.”

[1406] See Graf, _Roma nella memoria e nelle immagionazioni del medio evo_, cap. xvii., Tur., 1882.

[1407] A. C. Clark, “The Literary Discoveries of Poggio,” _C.R._, xiii. (1899), pp. 119-130; Phillimore, _Siluae_, ed. 2, 1921, _praef._

[1408] I. vi.; II. vii.; IV. iii. and ix.

[1409] IV. v. and vii.

[1410] _Silv._, I., _praef._ Statius says none of these pieces occupied over a couple of days, “nullum enim ex illis biduo longius tractum”; _cf._ his references to “gratiam celeritatis” and in II., _praef._: “stili facilitatem”; III., _praef._: “libellorum istorum temeritatem” and “audaciam stili nostri.”

[1411] _Inst. Or._, X. iii. 17: “primo decurrere per materiam stilo quam uelocissimo et sequentes calorem atque impetum ex tempore scribunt: hanc _siluam_ uocant.”

[1412] _Silv._, I. _praef._

[1413] _Silv._, I. iii. 13-23.

[1414] _Ib._, I. iv. 43-49.

[1415] _Silv._, I. iv. 52:

“Non illud culpa senectae (Quippe ea bisenis uixdum orsa excedere lustris), Sed labor intendens animique in membra uigentis Imperium uigilesque suo pro Caesare curae, Dulce opus. Hinc fessos penitus subrepsit in artus Insidiosa quies et pigra obliuio uitae.”

[1416] _Ib._, v. 60-62.

[1417] II. i. 87-88.

[1418] _Ib._, 218-225: “ibimus omnes,” etc.

[1419] II. ii. 44 _sqq._

[1420] _Ib._ 48-49:

“Cum iam fessa dies et in aequora montis opaci Vmbra cadit uitreoque natat praetoria ponto.”

[1421] _Ib._, 100-106: “Saepe per autumnum iam pubescente Lyaeo,” etc.

[1422] _Ib._, II. vii. 89 _sqq._:

“O saeuae nimium grauesque Parcae! O numquam data longa fata summis! Cur plus, ardua, casibus patetis? Cur saeua uice magna non senescunt?”

[1423] III. i. 12-14.

[1424] _Ib._, ii. 78-80:

“Fugit ecce uagas ratis acta per undas Paulatim minor et longe seruantia uincit Lumina tot gracili ligno complexa timores.”

[1425] _Ib._, iii. 39-40.

[1426] IV. iv. 33-34:

“Vires instigat alitque Tempestiua quies, maior post otia uirtus.”

[1427] _Ib._, vii. 13-16.

[1428] V. i. 117-119.

[1429] _Ib._, 122-126:

“Velut Apula coniunx Agricolae parci uel sole infecta Sabino, Quae uidet emeriti iam prospectantibus astris Tempus adesse uiri, propere mensasque torosque Instruit expectatque sonum redeuntis aratri.”

[1430] _Latin Lit._, p. 189.

[1431] From “Sonnets from the Antique,” by J. Wight Duff in Quatercentenary number of _Alma Mater_ (Aberdeen Univ. Mag.), Sept., 1906.

[1432] V. v. 62-64:

“Potius fugientia ripas Flumina detineas rapidis aut ignibus obstes Quam miseros lugere uetes.”

[1433] See J. S. Duncan, _Influence of Art on Description in Poetry of S._, diss., Baltim., 1914.

[1434] _Silv._, I. ii. 250: “qui nobile gressu extremo fraudatis opus”; _cf._ Ov., _Am._ I. i. 3-4: “risisse Cupido dicitur atque unum surripuisse pedem.”

[1435] _Th._, III. 198: “Bina per ingentes stipabant funera portas.”

[1436] _Th._, I. 27: “ignipedum frenator equorum.”

[1437] _Silv._, III. i. 41: “multo fratre madentem.”

[1438] _Silv._, II. i. 124.

[1439] _Silv._, I. iii. 8: “Pisaeumque domus non aestuat annum.”

[1440] _Th._, III. 382: “obliquatque preces”; _Th._, V. 722: “alternaque pectora mutant”; _Th._, IV. 248 _sqq._: “saltus ... pacabat cornu”; _Th._, IV. 706: “Eoae liquentia pabula brumae.”

[1441] He has an eye for colour in marble, woods, a parrot, a peacock, etc., and an evident liking for _uiridis_ in its literal and metaphorical sense.

[1442] _Silv._, II. v. 17-19:

“Virtusque cadenti A media iam morte redit nec protinus omnes Terga dedere minae.”

[1443] Butler, _Post-Aug. Poetry_, p. 123, cites statistics from Drobisch, _Versuch üb. die Formen des lat. Hex._, 140.

[1444] Ed. pr. (without _Spectacula_), Spira, Ven., 1470; Ferrara, 1471; Aldus, Ven., 1501; Gruter, Frankf., 1602; Rader, Ingolst., 1602; Scriverius (not. var.), Leid., 1619, 1621; Schrevelius (c. not. Gronov.), Amst., 1661, 1670; Collesso (Delphin., index verb.), Par., 1660; Pomba press, 2 vols., Turin, 1833 (based on Rader, Farnaby, etc.); Schneidewin (krit. apparat.), Grimma, 1842, Leipz., 1853; Gilbert, Leipz., 1886, 1912; Friedländer (Introd., Germ. comment.), 2 vols., Leipz., 1886 (_cf._ for background his _Sittengesch. Roms_); Lindsay, Oxf., 1902; J. D. Duff in Postgate’s _C.P.L._, Lond., 1905; Heraeus, Leipz., 1925.

Selectns.: Paley and Stone, Lond., 1868, 1881; Sellar and Ramsay, Edinb., 1884; Stephenson, Lond., ed. 4, 1899; Bridge and Lake, Oxf., 1908.

Trans.: Vol. in Bohn’s Class. Lib. contains specimens of verse translators of 17th and 18th cents.; Eng. prose (w. Lat.), Ker, Loeb ed., 2 vols., Lond. and New York, 1919-1920.

Translns. and Imitations (select): Francis and Tatum, Camb., 1924.

Other Wks.: Nisard, in _Les poètes lat. de la décadence_, ed. 3, 1867, I., pp. 381-471; Boissier, “Le poète Martial” in _Tacite_, ed. 4, Par., 1908, pp. 281-335; Eng. tr., Hutchison, Lond., 1906; Pisani, _Marziale_, Mil., 1904; Butler, _Post-Aug. Poetry_, Oxf., 1909, pp. 251-286; Plessis, _La poés. lat._, Par., 1909, p. 578; Giarratano, _De M. re metrica_, Naples, 1908; K. Flower Smith, _M. the Epigrammatist and other Essays_, Balt., U.S.A., 1920.

On Martial’s models: Paukstadt, _De M. Catulli imitatore_, diss., Halle, 1876; Zingerle, _Mart. Ovidstudien_, Innsbr., 1877; and “Zu Lucan Silius Martial” in _Zu Spät. lat. Dichtern_, Hft. 2, Innsbr., 1879; Schulze, _Mart. Catullstudien, Fleck. Jahrb._, 137, 1887; Wagner, _De Martiale poet. Augusteae aet. imitatore_, diss., Königsb. 1880 (by the same, resemblances w. earlier and later authors in Friedl.’s ed.).

[1445] X. xxiv.

[1446] IV. lii. 3. Why the surname _Coquus_ was added in the Middle Ages remains a mystery.

[1447] X. lxv. 3-4.

[1448] V. xxxiv.

[1449] IX. lxxiii. 7-8:

“At me litterulas stulti docuere parentes: Quid cum grammaticis rhetoribusque mihi?”

[1450] _In Helv._, vi.

[1451] X. lxv. 4-7: “Tagique ciuis.... Hispanis ego contumax capillis.”

[1452] III. xxxviii. 12.

[1453] I. cxiii.

[1454] Tribune, III. xcv. 9; _eques_, V. xiii. 1-2.

[1455] II. xci., xcii.; III. xcv. 5, where “Caesar uterque” may imply conferment of the _ius_ by Titus on the recommendation of his brother Domitian, or Domitian’s confirmation of a concession promised by Titus. Schanz mentions Lieben’s view that the “two emperors” were Vespasian and Titus.

[1456] “Valebis uxor,” II. xcii. 3, means “farewell to you, the wife of my imagination” or “farewell to the idea of a wife.” The wife addressed in an indecent manner in another epigram could not conceivably have been his own.

[1457] For Nomentum, II. xxxviii.; XII. lvii.; XIII. xlii., cxix.; “scalis habito tribus sed altis,” I. cxvii. 7.

[1458] IX. xviii. 2, xcvii. 7-8.

[1459] II. xxx. 5; II. xc.

[1460] V. lvi.

[1461] The “liber prior” of III. i. 3 was either a previous edition of III. or a combined edition of epigrams afterwards separated into Books I. and II., as Friedländer thought.

[1462] IV. xxv.

[1463] X. ciii. 7-10.

[1464] XII. xviii. 1-2, 7-9, 13-16.

[1465] Plin., _Ep._, III. xxi.: “erat homo ingeniosus acutus acer, et qui plurimum in scribendo et salis haberet et fellis nec candoris minus.”

[1466] II. xciii. refers to Books I. and II. The author in V. ii. calls the book his fifth, and refers to the preceding four. The arrangement in seven books is mentioned VII. xvii. 6.

[1467] Friedländer’s chronology is generally accepted with slight modifications. It is not seriously upset by Dau, _De Mart. libellorum ratione temporibusque_, Rost., 1887. _Cf._ Schanz, _op. cit._, pp. 181, 184.

[1468] IV. xlix. 1-2:

“Nescit, crede mihi, quid sint epigrammata, Flacce, Qui tantum lusus illa iocosque uocat.”

[1469] V. xvi. 1.

[1470] V. xvi. 13-14.

[1471] V. xv. 5-6.

[1472] V. xxxvi.:

“Laudatus nostro quidam, Faustine, libello, Dissimulat quasi nil debeat: inposuit.”

[1473] VIII. iii. 19-20:

“At tu Romanos lepido sale tingue libellos: Adgnoscat mores uita legatque suos.”

[1474] X. iv. 7-10:

“Quid te uana iuuant miserae ludibria chartae? Hoc lege, quod possit dicere uita ‘meum est.’ Non hic Centauros, non Gorgonas Harpyiasque Inuenies: hominem pagina nostra sapit.”

[1475] VIII. xiv. 5-6.

[1476] III. lviii.

[1477] I. xlix. 27-28: “focum infante cinctum sordido”; _cf._ II. xc. 7-8; XII. xviii. 19-21.

[1478] VIII. xx.

[1479] IX. lix. 22: “asse duos calices emit et ipse tulit.”

[1480] VIII. lxxix.

[1481] V. ix.

[1482] IX. xiv., xxvii., xxxvii.

[1483] VII. xxi., xxii., xxiii., xliv., xlv.; I. lxi. 7-8.

[1484] X. xix.

[1485] IV. xiv.

[1486] VII. lxiii.; IX. lxxxvi.; XI. xlviii.

[1487] VII. xxiv., xci.; XII. xviii.; _cf._ Juv., I. 7-14 with Mart., X. iv. 7-10.

[1488] VII. xii. 9; X. xxxiii. 10.

[1489] X. iii., v.

[1490] V. xxviii. 9: “ego esse miserum credo cui placet nemo.”

[1491] Keil, i., p. 485.

[1492] Pref. to _Epigr._, Bk. I.

[1493] _Cf._ C. W. Mendell, “M. and the Satiric Epigram,” _Cl. Philol._, Jan., 1922.

[1494] _Cf._ Friedrich, “Zu Seneca und M.,” _Herm._, xlv. 583-594.

[1495]

“Admiror, paries, te non cecidisse ruinis, Qui tot scriptorum taedia sustineas.”

[1496] While Statius is never mentioned, it is likely that there are indirect glances at him; _e.g._ IV. xlix.; VIII. iii.; IX. l.; X. iv.; XIV. i. 11.

[1497] IV. xlix. 7-8.

[1498] I. xvi.

[1499] VII. lxxxv., xc.

[1500] X. xxx. 11-15:

“Hic summa leni stringitur Thetis uento; Nec languet aequor: uiua sed quies ponti Pictam phaselon adiuuante fert aura; Sicut puellae non amantis aestatem, Mota salubre purpura uenit frigus.”

[1501] IX. xii. 1-9:

“Nomen cum uiolis rosisque natum, Quo pars optima nuncupatur anni ... Respondent Veneres Cupidinesque.”

[1502] VII. lxxxix.:

“I felix rosa, mollibusque sertis Nostri cinge comas Apollinaris: Quas tu nectere candidas, sed olim, Sic te semper amet Venus, memento.”

[1503] XI. lxxxix.

[1504] _Cf._ with I. x. 4 such endings as II. xi. 10: “domi cenat”; II. xxix. 10: “splenia tolle, leges.”

[1505] II. xxxviii.

[1506] II. x.

[1507] II. xiii.:

“Et iudex petit, et petit patronus: Soluas, censeo, Sexte, creditori.”

[1508] VIII. xliii.

[1509] VII. lxxxiii.:

“Eutrapelus tonsor dum circuit ora Luperci Expingitque genas, altera barba subit.”

[1510] V. xlvii.

[1511] I. xxviii.

[1512] I. xvi.; VII. lxxxi.

[1513] IX. _praef._, _ad fin._: “Ille ego sum....”

[1514] XI. xxiv.

[1515] I. xv. 5-12:

“Non bene distuleris, uideas quae posse negari, Et solum hoc ducas, quod fuit, esse tuum. Exspectant curaeque catenatique labores; Gaudia non remanent, sed fugitiua uolant, Haec utraque manu complexuque adsere toto: Saepe fluunt imo sic quoque lapsa sinu. Non est, crede mihi, sapientis dicere ‘Viuam’; Sera nimis uita est crastina: uiue hodie.”

[1516] V. xx.

“Si tecum mihi, care Martialis, Securis liceat frui diebus, Si disponere tempus otiosum Et uerae pariter uacare uitae, Nec nos atria nec domos potentum Nec litis tetricas forumque triste Nossemus nec imagines superbas; Sed gustatio, fabulae, libelli, Campus, porticus, umbra, Virgo, thermae, Haec essent loca semper, hi labores. Nunc uiuit necuter sibi, bonosque Soles effugere atque abire sentit, Qui nobis pereunt et imputantur. Quisquam, uiuere cum sciat, moratur?”

[1517] VII. v.

[1518] VIII. xxi. 11-12.

[1519] VIII. xxiv. 5-6.

[1520] III. lxviii. 4, “exuimur”; _cf._ 11-12.

[1521] V. ii.; VIII. i.

[1522] I. _praef._; III. lxix.

[1523] XI. ii.

[1524] I. iv. 8: “lasciua est nobis pagina, uita proba.”

[1525] Cat. xvi. 5; Ovid, _Tr._, ii. 354; Plin., _Ep._, VII. ix.; Apul., _Apol._, 11; Auson., _Eidyll._, 360.

[1526] _E.g._ VII. xiv.

[1527] VII. xii. 7. _Cf._ his desire to have it known that poems steeped in black poison are not his, VII. lxxii. 13-16.

[1528] V. xxiv. 9-10:

“Mollia non rigidus caespes tegat ossa nec illi, Terra, grauis fueris: non fuit illa tibi.”

[1529] IX. xxix. 11-12:

“Sit tibi terra leuis mollique tegaris harena Ne tua non possint eruere ossa canes.”

[1530] I. lxxxviii.

[1531] VI. lxxxv.

[1532] IX. lii.

[1533] I. xxxix.

[1534] XII. xxxiv.

[1535] Dr. Warde Fowler, _Presidential Address to Class. Assoc._, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1920, pointed out that, while volcanic soil influenced drainage schemes, it also set the Romans adventuring on the search for portents.

[1536] IV. xliv.:

“Licuisse” in the closing couplet,

“Cuncta iacent flammis et tristi mersa fauilla: Nec superi uellent hoc licuisse sibi”

is surprisingly taken to refer to auction-bidding by Prof. Courthope, _Selectns. fr. Martial Translated_, 1914:

“Now for the place ’neath these sad ashes hid, If up for sale, what single god would bid?”

[1537] IX. lxi. 11-14.

[1538] III. lxv. 3-5.

[1539] X. xxiii. 7-8:

“Ampliat aetatis spatium sibi uir bonus: hoc est Viuere bis, uita posse priore frui.”

[1540] _Cf._ Mart., I. xx. 4; Juv., V. 147.

[1541] _Poemata_, Utr., 1784., p. 563.

[1542] Plin., _Ep._, II. vii. 1; III. 1. Four mutilated choriambic odes, ascribed by some to Spurinna, are convincingly rejected as forgeries: for text, Wernsdorf, _P.L.M._; Held, _Ueber d. Werth d. Briefsammlung des jüng. Plinius in Bezug auf Gesch. d. röm. Lit._, 1833.

[1543] _Sulpiciae Fabella_, ed. Unger, Hal. Sax., 1887.

[1544] Valla’s schol. on Juv., I. 20; Mart., XI. x.

[1545] Text: _Paneg._ in _Panegyrici Lat._, Cuspinianus, 1513; Rhenanus, Bas., 1520; Livineius, Antv., 1599; E. Bährens, Lpz., 1874; 2nd ed. W. A. Bährens, 1911; Sep. edns., Ed. pr. (?) 1476; Lipsius, Antv., 1600; Utr., 1652, etc.; Arntzen (not. var.), Amst., 1738; Gierig, Lpz., 1796; Dübner, Par., 1843. Trans.: Stapylton, Oxf., 1644; [White Kennet], Lond., 1686; G. Smith, Lond., 1702; in French, De Sacy, Par., 1722. _Epist._: Ed. pr., Ven., 1471 (8 bks., I.-VII. and IX.); 1st compl. ed. Aldus, Ven., 1508; Gruter, 1611; Veenhusen (not. var.), Leid., 1669; Cortius and Longolius (indices), Amst., 1734; E. T. Merrill, Lpz., 1922.

Sep. edns.: I., II., Cowan, Lond., 1889; III., J. E. B. Mayor, Lond., 1880, 1889; VI., J. D. Duff, Camb., 1906; X., E. G. Hardy, Lond., 1889.

Selectns.: Church and Brodribb, Lond., 1870, 1872; Prichard and Bernard, Oxf., 3rd ed., 1896; Merrill, Lond., 1903; Allen, Oxf., 1915.

Trans.: _Epistles_ (w. _Paneg._), Henley, Lond., 1724; _Letters_, Melmoth, Lond., 1746-47-48-57-70-86-1810; Earl of Orrery, Lond., 1751; Lewis, Lond., 1879; Melmoth’s revised, Bosanquet, Lond., 1878, 1892; and Hutchinson (Loeb ed.), Lond. and N. Yk., 1915.

Collected edns.: Boxhorn, Leid., 1653; Gierig, Leipz., 1806; Keil (ed. maior, rerum enarr. Mommseni, etc.), Lpz., 1870; C. F. W. Müller, _ib._, 1903; Kukula, _ib._, 1908, 1912.

Life and character: Tanzmann, _De C. Pl. Secundi uita ingenio moribus quaestio_, Bresl., 1865; Mommsen, _Zur Lebensgesch. d. jüng. Pl., Herm._, III. 31, 1869 (= _Gesam. Schr._, IV. 366, 1906); in French, trans. Morel, w. Mommsen’s addns., Par., 1873; Bender, _Der jüngere Pl. nach seinen Briefe_, Tüb., 1873; Moy, _Qualem apud aetatis suae studiosos personam egerit C. Pl. Sec._, Par., 1876.

Literary Significance: Held, _Ueb. d. Werth d. Briefsammlung d. jüng. Pl. in Bezug auf Geschichte d. röm. Lit._, Bresl., 1833; De la Berge, _Essai sur le regne de Trajan_, esp. ch. xvi., Par., 1877; _Allain, Pline le jeune et ses héritiers_, 4 vols., Par., 1901-1902. Style: Lagergren, _De uita et elocutione C. Pl. Sec._, Ups., 1872; Morillot, _De Pl. minoris eloquentia_, Gren., 1888; Consoli, _Il neologismo negli scritti di Pl._, Palermo, 1900; Kukula, _Briefe d. jüng. Pl._ (Intr. includes “Entwickelung d. Epistolographie,” “Sprache u. Stil des Briefes,” etc.), Lpz., 1904; Smiley, _Latinitas and_ Ἑλληνισμός (Influence of Stoic theory on writings of Quintilian, Pliny the Yr., Tacitus, etc.), Wisconsin, 1906.

[1546] “patria mea,” _Ep._, IV. xxx. 1.

[1547] VI. xx. 5.

[1548] VI. vi. 3; II. xiv. 9-10.

[1549] III. v. 16; VI. xvi. 7, xx. 5.

[1550] V. viii. 8.

[1551] VI. xii. 2: “in harena mea, hoc est apud centumuiros.”

[1552] _C.I.L._, V. 5262, 5263, 5264, 5667. V. 5279 records appointment of three trustees (one of them the younger Pliny) to administer a fund left by his father Cilo to provide oil at the Neptunalia for athletes and bathers at Como.

[1553] Merrill’s complete ed. of the _Epistulae_, 1922, gives a list of the principal _Abhandlungen_ on the subject by Stobbe, Gemoll, C. Peter, Asbach, Schultz and H. Peter. Schanz, _op. cit._, p. 360, gives a useful summary of their conclusions; and the reports on Plinian literature in Bursian’s _Jahresbericht_ reveal still more extensive activity. _Cf._ Merrill, _Sel. Lett._, 1903, pp. xxxvii. _sqq._

[1554] Prof. E. T. Merrill, whose authority on Plinian matters is deservedly great, undermines Mommsen’s position here: “On Date of Pliny’s Prefecture of Treasury of Saturn,” _Am. Jrl. Phil._, xxiii. 4.

[1555] W. A. Bährens, “Prätur des jüng. Pl.,” _Herm._, lviii. (1923), p. 109 _sqq._, agrees that Otto’s instructive paper on Pliny’s _Lebengeschichte_ in _Sitzungsber. d. Bayer. Ak. d. Wiss._, 1919, corrected several of Mommsen’s results, but rejects Otto’s date of A.D. 95: “Plinius war, wie schon Mommsen meinte, in Jahre 93 Praetor.” Otto replied in _Bayer. Sitz._, 1923. Allain, _Pline le jeune_, gives 94.

[1556] Kukula, ed. 1912, noticed J. Wight Duff, _C.R._, XXVIII. (1914), pp. 134-137; E. T. Merrill, 1922, noticed J. P. Postgate, _C.R._, XXXVII. (1923), pp. 35-36.

[1557] Prof. E. K. Rand, who with E. A. Lowe published the facsimile of the uncial remains of the _Letters_ now in the Pierpont Morgan Library, N. Yk. (Washington, 1922), has indicated a new method of approach through the Aldine edition, in the belief that these fragments form part of the lost Codex Parisinus which Aldus used for his ed. of 1508 (_Harv. Stud. in Cl. Phil._, XXXIV., 1923). Prof. Merrill has not accepted this identification or the 6th cent. date suggested for the uncials (_Class. Philol._, Chicago, April, 1923).

[1558] III. xi.; VII. xxvii. 14.

[1559] VI. xxxi.

[1560] E. G. Hardy, ed. of _Epist. ad Traian._, Introd., p. xxiv. _sqq._, and footnote to Lett., xv., pp. 105-106.

[1561] Such is Wilcken’s view, _Herm._, xlix. (1914), in opposition to Mommsen, who placed Pliny’s visit to the eastern parts of the province in the latter half of his first year. Wilcken thinks that in late autumn of 112 Pliny took ship to Sinope, and that after this he wrote from Amisus the famous letter touching the trial of Christians.

[1562] X. cxx. and cxxi.

[1563] IV. xix.; VI. iv., vii.; VII. v.

[1564] _C.I.L._, V. 5262 = Dessau, _Inscr. Lat. Sel._, I. 2927.

[1565] VII. iv. 2-3.

[1566] _Ib._, 4-6.

[1567] VII. ix. 10-14.

[1568] VII. iv. 10: “unum precor ut posteri quoque aut errent similiter aut iudicent.” His “libelli,” which were on sale at Lyon, may have contained poetry, IX. xi.

[1569] VII. xvii. 7.

[1570] _Ib._, 15. For Pliny’s public speaking see Cucheval, _Hist. de l’éloquence romaine_, etc., II., chaps. xxiii. and xxiv.

[1571] II. xix. 2: “neque me praeterit actiones quae recitantur impetum omnem ... perdere”; VII. xvii. 2.

[1572] IV. xxi. 3; IX. xiii.

[1573] VII. xxx. 5.

[1574] III. xiii.

[1575] III. xviii.

[1576] _Ib._, 10.

[1577] Allain, _Pline le jeune_, says Pliny is cited 293 times by De la Berge, and is “le véritable historien de Trajan.”

[1578] _Pan._, lxxxviii. 2: “Scis enim praecipuum esse indicium non magni principis magnos libertos.”

[1579] _Pan._, vii. 4: “dignus alter eligi, alter eligere”; x. 6: “(Nerua) tibi terras, te terris reliquit”; xvii. 4: “non ideo uicisse uidearis ut triumphares, sed triumphare quia uiceris.”

[1580] _Pan._, vii. 6: “imperaturus omnibus eligi debet ex omnibus”; lxvi. 5: “neque umquam deceptus est princeps nisi qui prius ipse decepit”; and paradoxes, xlix. 3: “hoc inexpugnabile munimentum munimento non egere.”

[1581] _Pan._, xxiv. 5: “te ad sidera tollit humus ista communis et confusa principis uestigia.” (_i.e._ the use of his feet on common earth exalts the emperor to the sky!)

[1582] H. Peter, _Der Brief in d. röm. Lit._, Lpz., 1901, p. 107 _sqq._, divides as follows: I.-III., published A.D. 104; IV.-VI., A.D. 108; VII.-IX., a supplement, containing at least some letters of a date earlier than 108.

[1583] I. i. 1: “Collegi non seruato temporis ordine, neque enim historiam componebam.” _E.g._ II. xx. is perhaps earliest of all. II. xi., on Priscus’s trial, belongs to A.D. 100, but III. iv. to 98. IX. xxxiv. mentions Pliny’s idea of employing a reader; in VIII. i. the idea has been acted on.

[1584] I. xi., xv.; V. ii.; VII. xxi; IX. xvi.

[1585] II. xx. 1: “assem para et accipe auream fabulam, fabulas immo.”

[1586] IX. ii. 2-3.

[1587] Schanz, _op. cit._, p. 364.

[1588] Mart., _Epig._, X. xx. 14-17, cited by Pliny, III. xxi. 5.

[1589] I. iii. 3: “Hoc sit negotium tuum, hoc otium....”

[1590] II. viii. 2: “Numquamne hos artissimos laqueos ... abrumpam?...”

[1591] VII. xv. 1: “Requiris quid agam. Quae nosti. Distringor officio, amicis deseruio, studeo interdum, quod non interdum sed solum semperque facere, non audeo dicere rectius, certe beatius erat.”

[1592] I. vi. 1: “Ridebis et licet rideas”; _cf._ IX. x.

[1593] IX. xxvii.; V. viii.

[1594] I. xiii. 5: “equidem prope nemini defui.”

[1595] II. iii. 9.

[1596] V. iii. 8; VII. xvii.

[1597] I. iii. 4: “effinge aliquid et excude quod sit perpetuo tuum”; V. x. (to Suetonius); VIII. iv.

[1598] IV. xx., xxvii.; V. v., xvii.; VII. xxviii.; IX. xxii.

[1599] IV. xxvii. 2.

[1600] V. v. 4: “immortale aliquid.”

[1601] VII. xxviii.

[1602] Moy, _op. cit._ (in bibliog.), p. 107: “illi prosunt saeculo suo qui, sicut Bolaeus noster, publicam quasi censuram agentes, parce laudant, uehementer reprehendunt.”

[1603] _E.g._ I. xii.; II. i. 10; III. xxi.; V. v. (“nuntius me graui dolore confudit”); V. xvi. (“tristissimus haec tibi scribo”); and, for slaves, VIII. xvi., xix.

[1604] II. xvii. 24.

[1605] V. xix. 7: “aera salubrem et lac eiusmodi curationibus accommodatissimum.”

[1606] VIII. xxii. 2-3: “ego optimum et emendatissimum existimo qui ceteris ita ignoscet, tamquam ipse cotidie peccet....”; IX. xvii. 4: “demus igitur alienis oblectationibus ueniam ut nostris impetremus.”

[1607] IV. xiv.; V. iii.; VII. iv.

[1608] VII. xxxiii.

[1609] VII. xx. 5-7.

[1610] IX. xxiii. 2-3.

[1611] VI. xxxiii. 1: “accipe orationem meam, ut illa arma, diuinam (num superbius potui?), reuera ut inter meas pulchram.” According to Sid. Apoll., viii. 10, it eclipsed the _Panegyric_.

[1612] IX. xxiii. 1-2: “... omnes repente quasi uicti coactique consurgerent laudarentque.”

[1613] VI. xi.

[1614] IX. viii. 1: “omnia scripta tua pulcherrima existimo, maxime tamen quae de nobis”; _cf._ IX. xxxi.

[1615] I. x. 3; IV. viii. 4-5; VIII. vii. 2: “ne discipulus quidem debeam dici.”

[1616] I. viii. 14.

[1617] IV. i. 4-6; IX. xxxix.; X. xlix. and lxviii.

[1618] X. xcvi. 7-8.

[1619] _Pan._, i. 1 and 3; _Ep._, X. i., ii., xiii., xiv., xxxv., lii.

[1620] VII. xxvi. 2: “tunc deos, tunc hominem esse se meminit.”

[1621] _Pan._, iii. 5; Pers., ii. 73-75.

[1622] III. xx. 12.

[1623] _Pan._, lxvi. 4.

[1624] IV. xxv. 5: ἀλλὰ ταῦτα τῷ ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς μελήσει.

[1625] Hofacker, _De Clausulis C. Caec. Pl. Sec._, Bonn, 1903; Spatzek, _De Claus. Plinianis_, in _praef._ to Kukula’s ed., 1912.

[1626] I. v. 12.

[1627] I. v. 13.

[1628] II. i. 12: “Verginium cogito, Verginium uideo, Verginium iam uanis imaginibus ... audio, adloquor, teneo.”

[1629] VIII. xxiv. 2-6.

[1630] II. iii. 5: “nos qui in foro uerisque litibus terimur, multum malitiae, quamuis nolimus, addiscimus.”

[1631] I. xx.

[1632] VIII. xxi. 1: “pulcherrimum et humanissimum existimo seueritatem comitatemque miscere.”

[1633] Lagergren, _De uita et elocutione C. Pl._, Ups., 1872, enters more exhaustively into Pliny’s style than Oestling or Holstein did in their _opuscula_.

[1634] For collected examples, Remy, _De Subjunct. et Infinitiuo ap. Pl. minorem_, Louv., 1884.

[1635] _Apol._, ii.

[1636] _Saturn._, V. i.

[1637] Sid. Ap., iv. 22: “ego Plinio ut discipulus adsurgo”; _cf._ i. 1, iv. 3, viii. 10.

[1638] Merrill, ed. 1922, _praef._, half allows the possibility (“nisi fortasse”) that Einhart’s “mortalitatem magis quam uitam uidebam esse finitam” is based on Plin., II. i. 10, as Manitius thinks, _Gesch. d. lat. Lit. des Mittelalters_, 1911, p. 644.

[1639] IV. iii. 3-4.

[1640] I. vii., esp. § 5; II. x.

[1641] I. iii.; II. viii.; III. vii.; VI. xxi.; VIII. iv.

[1642] V. xvii.

[1643] I. viii.; I. xvi.

[1644] I. xvi. 6: “Plautum uel Terentium metro solutum legi credidi.”

[1645] II. xiii. 7: “epistulas quidem scribit ut Musas ipsas Latine loqui credas.”

[1646] IV. xxvii.: “unus Plinius est mihi priores.” Kukula had no right to alter the traditional reading to “his mihi prior sit” in his edition.

[1647] VI. xv.; IX. xxii.

[1648] VI. xv. 2.

[1649] VI. xxi.

[1650] III. xv.

[1651] V. v.

[1652] VIII. xii. 4; I. xvii. 3: “clarissimi cuiusque uitam egregiis carminibus exornat.”

[1653] VIII. xii. 1.

[1654] IX. i.

[1655] IX. xxxi.

[1656] IX. xxxv.

[1657] V. xxi. 3-6.

[1658] Teuffel, _op. cit._, § 341, 4.

[1659] Text: ed. pr. (without _Ann._, I.-VI. and _Agric._), de Spira, Ven., 1470; do. w. _Agric._, Puteolanus, Mil., 1476; Op. omn., Beroaldus, Rom., 1515; Beatus Rhenanus, Bas., 1533; Lipsius, Antw., 1574, etc.; J. F. Gronov, Amst., 1672, 1685; Jac. Gronov, Utr. (not. varior.), 1721; Ernesti, Leipz., 1752; Brotier, ed. 2, Par., 1776, Lond., 1812; Ritter, Bonn, 1834, Camb., 1848; Orelli, Zür., 1846, 1848 (re-ed. _Ann._, Baiter, Zür., 1859; _Germ._, Schweizer-Sidler, Berl., 1877; _Dial._, _Agr._, Andresen, Berl., 1877, 1880; _Hist._, Meiser, Berl., 1895); Haase, Leipz., 1855; Halm, Lpz., ed. 4, 1884-1889; Nipperdey, Berl., 1871-1876; ed. 10, 1904-1908; Fisher, Oxf., 1906-1911.

Selected sep. edns.: I., _Dial._, Benzelius, Ups., 1706; Michaelis, Leipz., 1868; Peter, Jena, 1877; Valmaggi, Torino, 1890; Peterson (introd., etc.), Oxf., 1893; Bennett, Boston, 1894; Gudeman, Bost. (proleg., Eng. notes), 1894; Germ. ed., Leipz., 1914; John, Berl., 1899; Wick, Torino, 1917.

II., _Agric._, Bosius, Jena, 1664; Wex, Brunsw., 1852; Kritz, Berl., ed. 3, 1874; Urlichs, Würzb., 1875; Gantrelle, Par., 1875; Peter, Jena, 1876; Church and Brodribb, Lond., 1869; ed. 2, 1881 (w. _Germ._); Cornelissen, Leid., 1881; Davis, Lond., 1892; Stephenson, 1894, 1899, Camb. (w. _Germ._); Furneaux, Oxf., 1898; revised, J. G. C. Anderson, Oxf., 1922; Annibaldi, Torino, 1917.

III., _Germ._, Fabricius, Augsb., 1580; Kritz, ed. 4 by Hirschfelder, Berl., 1878; Prammer, Vienna, 1878, 1889; Baumstark (comm.), Lpz., 1875-1880; Allen, Bost., 1885; Zernial, Berl., 1890, 1897; Furneaux, Oxf., 1894; Annibaldi, Torino, 1916; Schweizer-Sidler, ed. 8, Halle, 1923; Schmaus, Bamberg, 1924.

IV., _Hist._, Kiessling, Lpz., 1840; Heraeus, Lpz., ed. 4, 1885; Simcox, Lond., I., II., 1875; III.-V., 1876; Godley, Lond., I, II., 1887; III.-V., 1890; Spooner, Lond., 1891; Fisher, Oxf., 1910.

V., _Ann._, Ruperti, Gött., 1805; Kiessling, Lpz., 1829; Nipperdey (_vide supra_); Holbrooke, Lond., 1882; Furneaux, Oxf., 1891-1896; Fisher, Oxf., 1906; Goelzer (Budé), Par., 1923 _sqq._ (Facsimile: Codex Laurent. 68, I. and II., Rostagno, Leyd., 1902.)

Trans.: Wks. (w. Discourses): Gordon, 2 vols., fol., Lond., 1728-1731 (pedantic); (w. Essays), Murphy, Lond., 1793; 1830 (diffuse). Church and Brodribb, Lond., _Agric._, _Germ._, _Dial._, 1877; _Hist._, new ed., 1882; _Ann._, 1882; Townsend, _Agric._, _Germ._, Lond., 1894; G. G. Ramsay, Lond., _Ann._, 1904-1909; _Hist._, 1915; _Hist._, Fyfe, Oxf., 1912; _Agric._, _Germ._, Hutton, w. _Dial._, Peterson (Loeb), Lond., 1914; _Hist._, Moore (Loeb), 1925.

General Wks.: Bötticher, Proleg. to _Lexicon Taciteum_, Berl., 1830, and _De uita scriptis ac stilo Taciti_, Berl., 1834; Dubois-Guchan, _Tacite et son siècle ou la société romaine impériale_, etc., 2 vols., Par., 1861; Urlichs, _De uita et honoribus Taciti_, Würzb., 1879; Schiller, _Gesch. d. röm. Kaiserz._, Gotha, 1883; Asbach, _Röm. Kaisert. u. Verfass. bis auf Traian_ (a hist. introd. to Tacitus); Peter, _Die geschichtl. Litt. üb. d. röm. Kaiserzeit_; Boissier, _Tacite_, Par., 1903; ed. 3, 1908; Eng. tr., Lond., 1906; Schwabe, _Pauly-Wissowa’s Realencycl._, IV., 1566.

Special Wks.: in notes _infra_.

[1660] Other writers call him “Tacitus” or “Cornelius Tacitus”; _e.g._ Plin., _Epist._, IX. xxiii. 2. _Codex Med._, I, gives his praenomen as “Publius”: Sidonius Apollinaris twice calls him “Gaius” (_Epist._, IV. xiv. 1, xxii. 2), with which the later MSS. agree.

[1661] Novák once more claimed it for Quintilian in his ed. of _opera minora_, Prag., 1889.

[1662] Plin., _Ep._, VII. xx. 3.

[1663] _N.H._, VII. 76.

[1664] _Hist._, I. i.: “dignitatem nostram a Vespasiano incohatam, a Tito auctam, a Domitiano longius prouectam non abnuerim.”

[1665] _Ann._, XI. xi.

[1666] _Agr._, ix.: “consul egregiae tum spei filiam iuueni mihi despondit....”

[1667] _Dial._, ii.

[1668] This date for his consulship is now usually accepted instead of A.D. 98.

[1669] Plin., _Ep._, II. i. 6: “laudator eloquentissimus”; II. xi. 17: “respondit Cornelius Tacitus eloquentissime et, quod eximium orationi eius inest, σεμνῶς.”

[1670] _Agr._, xlv.: “nobis tam longae absentiae condicione ante quadriennium amissus est.”

[1671] _Agr._, xlv.: “mox nostrae duxere Heluidium in carcerem manus ... nos innocenti sanguine Senecio perfudit.”

[1672] _Agr._, iii.: “nunc demum redit animus; et quamquam primo statim beatissimi saeculi ortu Nerua Caesar res olim dissociabiles miscuerit, principatum ac libertatem, augeatque cotidie felicitatem temporum Nerua Traianus....”

[1673] _Agr._, ii. 3: “dedimus profecto grande patientiae documentum ... memoriam quoque ipsam cum uoce perdidissemus, si tam in nostra potestate esset obliuisci quam tacere”; iii. 3: “quid? si per quindecim annos, grande mortalis aeui spatium ... pauci ... nostri superstites ... iuuenes ad senectutem, senes prope ad ipsos exactae aetatis terminos per silentium uenimus.”

[1674] _Hist._, I. i.: “quod si uita suppeditet, principatum diui Neruae et imperium Traiani ... senectuti seposui”; _Ann._, III. xxiv.: “cetera illius aetatis (_sc._ Augusti) memorabo, si, effectis in quae tetendi, plures ad curas uitam produxero.”

[1675] Sabbadini in 1901 intimated Decembrio’s note to that effect. Romance seemed to have entered into palaeography when the announcement was made in 1903 of the discovery at Iesi, near Ancona, of a 15th-century MS. in which is incorporated, it is claimed, one quaternion of the _Agricola_ from the veritable parent codex.

[1676] Schanz, _Gesch. d. röm. Litt._, II., p. 293: “wir gewinnen den Eindruck, als wollte der Verfasser des Dialogs einem Gegenstand alter Liebe das letzte Lebenwohl zurufen,” u.s.w.

[1677] _Agr._, iii. 4: “hic interim liber, honori Agricolae soceri mei destinatus, professione pietatis aut laudatus erit aut excusatus.”

[1678] It is not impossible that in Pliny, _Ep._, IX. x. 2, addressed to Tacitus (though some think written by Tacitus), there is a direct reference to this.

[1679] _Dial._, xxxviii. 4: “principis disciplina ipsam quoque eloquentiam sicut omnia depacauerat.”

[1680] They are adequately and convincingly treated by Gudeman in 138 pages of prolegomena (ed. 1914). From his exhaustive bibliography may be selected: Weinkauff, _De Tac. dialogi ... auctore_, Köln, 1859, and _Untersuchungen u.s.w._, 1881; Steiner, _Ueber den Dial. de Or._, Progr., Kreuznach, 1863; Jansen, _De Tac. dial. auctore_, Gron., 1878; Resl, _Utrum dial. ... Tacito adscribi possit_, etc., Czernowitz, 1881; Nolte, _De ... dial. de or._, Gleiwitz, 1903.

[1681] _Dial._, xvii. 3. The figures given there of succeeding reigns as amounting to the sum of 120 years from Cicero’s death in 43 B.C. to the time of the dialogue need slight adjustment, because that total would bring out the date at A.D. 77.

[1682] Schanz, _op. cit._, II., pp. 293-296. Gudeman (_op. cit._, proleg.) successfully controverts Leo’s hypothesis of a date after _Agric._ and _Germ._, and refutes the support lent to that hypothesis in the theory of style propounded by Norden and Wilamowitz. Vogt’s pamphlet, _Tac. als Politiker_, Stuttg., 1924, ends with a brief defence of the early date.

[1683] Ed., 1914, pp. 92-96.

[1684] A comparison of the references to the emperors in chaps. iii. and xliv. indicates that the _Agricola_ was published soon after Trajan’s accession in A.D. 98. He is called _princeps_ in xliv. From the introduction it is plain that the _Agricola_ preceded the _Germania_.

[1685] _Agr._, iii., _ad fin._

[1686] xlv. 3–xlvi.

[1687] Most editions handle the questions involved; _e.g._ Furneaux, 1898; Gudeman, 1902; Anderson, 1922. _Cf._ Hirzel, _Ueb. d. Tendenz des Agr._, Tüb., 1871; Andresen, “Entstehung u. Tendenz des Tac. _Agr._” in _Festschr. d. Gymn. z. grau. Kloster_, Berl., 1874; Leo., _Die griech. röm. Biographie_, Lpz., 1901.

[1688] Germ. ed., Berl., 1902; similarly, Hendrickson, “Proconsulate of Agric. in relation to hist. and encomium” in Univ. publns., Chicago, 1902.

[1689] Among those who see a political aim in the _Agric._ are Hoffmann, _Zeitschr. f. d. österr. Gymn._, 1870; Gantrelle, _Rev. de l’instr. belg._, xxi., p. 217; Furneaux, _Agr._, Intr., pp. 7-15; Boissier, _Tacite_, 1903, pp. 161-166; _cf._ _L’Opposition sous les Césars_, pp. 317 _sqq._ On the other side, Hirzel, _op. cit._; Anderson, _Agr._, Introd., and others.

[1690] _Agr._, xlv.: “nostrae duxere Heluidium in carcerem manus,” etc.

[1691] Pliny, addressing Trajan, _Pan._, xliv. 1, said, “Vixisti nobiscum, periclitatus es, timuisti, quae tum erat innocentium uita.”

[1692] _Germ._, xxxvii.

[1693] _Ib._, xxiii.: “potui humor ex hordeo ...”; xxii.: “crebrae ut inter uinolentos rixae,” etc.

[1694] Weinberger, _Die Frage nach Entstehung u. Tendenz der tacit. Ger._, progr., Olmütz, 1890 (convenient summary); Müllenhoff, _Deutsche Altertumskunde_, IV.

[1695] For historical background, see Henderson, _Civil War and Rebellion in Rom. Emp._, Lond., 1908; for literary aspects, Courbaud, _Les procédés d’art de T. dans les Hist._, Par., 1918.

[1696] Plin., _Ep._, VII. xxxiii.: “auguror ... historias tuas immortales futuras”; Tert., _Apol._, 16: “Cornelius Tacitus ... in quinta historiarum suarum.”

[1697] Hieron., _comm. Zach._, III. 14.

[1698] Ritter, ed. Camb., I, p. xxii.; _cf._ Goelzer, ed., Par., 1923.

[1699] _Ann._, XI. xi.

[1700] Schanz, _op. cit._, II. 311. Pliny, _Ep._, VI. xvi. 1, shows that shortly before 106 Tacitus had not completed his collection of material for the year 79.

[1701] _Decline and Fall_, etc., ed. Bury, 1896, ch. ix., p. 232 _n._

[1702] Morr, “Die Landeskunde von Palästina bei Strabon u. Josephos,” _Philol._, lxxxi. 3 (1926), considers Posidonius a source for Strabo and Josephus as well as for Tacitus’s _Hist._ and Justinus.

[1703] _Ann._, III. lxv.; IV. xxxii.; XIII. xxxi.

[1704] _Ann._, IV. lxxi.: “ni mihi destinatum foret suum quaeque in annum referre, auebat animus antire....” On the annalistic principle he defers treating certain events: “in tempore memorabo,” I. lviii.; “in loco reddemus,” II. iv.

[1705] VI. xxxviii.: “duabus aestatibus gesta coniunxi”; XII. xl.: “plures per annos gesta.”

[1706] _Ann._, II. lxi ... “Romani imperii quod nunc ad mare rubrum patescit”; Spart., _Hadr._, v. 1-4.

[1707] _Ann._, VI. xxvii. He applies the term _libri_ to his previous _Histories_ in _Ann._, XI, xi.

[1708] _Cf._ _Ann._, XV. lxiv.; XVI. xxxv.

[1709] _Hist._, III. xxv., xxviii., li.

[1710] Schur has recently in _Klio_, xix. (“Untersuchungen zur Gesch. d. Kriege Corbulos”) argued that Tacitus used Corbulos’s military reports, while Cluvius was the main authority for A.D. 60-63.

[1711] _Ann._, I. lxix., lxxxi.; III. iii.; IV. liii.; VI. vi.; XIII. xx.; XIV. ii.; XV. xvi., liii., lxi., lxxiv. (_cf._ II. lxxxviii.).

[1712] _Hist._, II. xxxvii.; III. li.; _Ann._, I. xxix.

[1713] _Ann._, V. iv. 4.

[1714] _E.g._ _Hist._, IV. xxxix. _sqq._, where _decretae_, _censuit_, etc., are official echoes.

[1715] _Ann._, XIII. xxxi. 1.

[1716] For a sketch of the problem, Schanz, _op. cit._; _cf._ R. Weidemann, _Die Quellen d. ersten sechs Bücher v. Tac. Ann._, Cleve, 1868 (emphasising _Senatus acta_), H. Nissen, _Rh. M._, xxvi. (1871), pp. 497 _sqq._ (“Einquellenprinzip”); Fabia, _Les sources de T. dans les hist. et les ann._, Par., 1893; Groag, _Zur Kritik von T. Quellen in d. Hist._ (Fleck. Jahrb. Suppl., 23 (1897), p. 711). The discussion is endless; see Marx in _Herm._, lx. 74 _sqq._

[1717] The resemblances are arrayed by E. G. Hardy, Plut., _Galba and Otho_ (Introd.), Lond., 1890.

[1718] The view that Plutarch used Tac. is supported by Clason, _Plut. u. Tac._, Berl., 1870; Nipperdey, ed. _Ann._, 1874; Lange, _De Tacito Plutarchi auctore_, Halle, 1880, and others. Most, however, guess at a common source, either the (inadequate) _acta diurna_ (Hirzel), or Cluvius (H. Peter and Mommsen), or the elder Pliny (Nissen, Hardy, Fabia). Th. Wiedemann, in a Latin diss. of 1857, conjectured that Tac. used Pliny, and Plutarch both Pliny and Cluvius. Borenius (diss. Helsings., 1902) argued that Plutarch used both Tacitus and the common source. For other variations, see Schanz, _op. cit._

[1719] _Hist._, I. x.: “occulta fati”; xviii.: “quae fato manent”; _Ann._, V. iv.: “fatali quodam motu ... seu praua sollertia”; _Ann._, I. lv.: “Varus fato et ui Arminii cecidit.” Contrast _Ann._, III. xviii.: “ludibria rerum mortalium”; IV. xx.: “dubitare cogor fato et sorte nascendi ... an sit aliquid in nostris consiliis.”

[1720] Pöhlmann, _Die Weltanschauung des T._, ed. 2, Münch., 1913, calls his views “ein Chaos von unabgeklärten u. unausgereiften Meinungen.” Fabia’s notice of Pöhlmann appeared in _Jrnl. des Savants_, 1914, pp. 250 _sqq._, in art. entitled “L’irréligion de Tacite.”

[1721] _Hist._, IV. xxvi.: “quod in pace fors seu natura, tunc fatum et ira diuom uocabatur”; _Ann._, IV. i.: “non tam sollertia ... quam, deum ira....”; XVI. xvi.: “ira illa numinum in res Romanas”; _Hist._, I. iii.: “adprobatum est non esse curae deis securitatem nostram, esse ultionem.”

[1722] _Ann._, XIV. v. i.

[1723] _Hist._, I. iv. ... “non modo casus euentusque rerum ... sed ratio etiam causaeque.”

[1724] _Ann._, XIII. xxxi.: “cum ex dignitate populi Romani repertum sit res inlustres annalibus, talia diurnis urbis actis mandare.”

[1725] _Hist._, I. i.: “omnem potentiam ad unum conferri pacis interfuit.”

[1726] _Ann._, VI. xiii.: “populi imperium iuxta libertatem....”

[1727] _Hist._, II. xxxvii.-xxxviii.

[1728] _Hist._, IV. viii.

[1729] _Ann._, IV. xxxiii.

[1730] _Ib._, “plures aliorum euentis docentur: ceterum ut profutura, ita minimum oblectationis adferunt.”

[1731] _Ann._, I. i. ... “sine ira et studio, quorum causas procul habeo.”

[1732] The question of Tiberius’s character is older than the histories of Ihne and Duruy, and goes back to the 17th cent., when a justification of Tiberius was attempted by De la Houssaye, _Tibère_, Amst., 1686. For some modern views, see Stahr, _Tiberius_, Berl., 1863; Freytag, _Tib. und Tac._, Berl., 1870 (indicates inconsistencies in Tac.); Beesly, _Catiline, Clodius and Tib._, Lond., 1878 (a rehabilitation); Furneaux, ed. _Ann._, I.-VI., 1884, on “Char. and Govt. of Tib.” (moderate view); Gentile, _Il imp. Tiberio secondo la moderna critica storica_, Mil., 1887 (summarizes points at issue); Faust, _De Vellei Pat. fide, Giessen_, 1891; Tarver, _Tib. the Tyrant_, Westm., 1902 (a defence of Tib.); Jerome, _Roman Memories_, Lond., 1914, pp. 220-248 (refutation of “Orgy in Capri”); J. S. Reid, “Tac. as a Historian,” _J.R.S._, XI. 2, 1921 (protest against too high an estimate). Bacha, _Le génie de T., la création des annales_, Par., 1906, takes the extreme line that the work is a mendacious and poetic romance.

[1733] Voltaire’s article, “Pyrrhonisme” in his _Dictionnaire Historique_, stated doubts regarding Suetonius’s account of the foulnesses alleged to have disgraced the old age of Tiberius.

[1734] Language and style: Bötticher, _Lexicon Taciteum_, Berl., 1830; Dräger, _Üb. Syntax u. Stil des T._, Lpg., ed. 2, 1874; ed. 3, 1882; Wölfflin, _Philol._, xxiv.-xxvii. (on evolution of T.’s style); Furneaux, _Ann._, Intr., ch. v.; _Clemm_, _De Breuiloq. T._, Lpg., 1881; Valmaggi, _L’arcaismo in T._, Tur., 1891; Vianey, _Quomodo dici possit T. fuisse summum pingendi artificem_, Par., 1896; G. G. Ramsay, _Ann._, trans., Intr., Lond., 1904; Lundström, _Tacitus’s poetiska källor_, Göteborg, 1923.

[1735] _E.g._ of the type met with in later bks. of _Annals_, such as XV. v.: “Vologesi uetus et penitus infixum erat arma Romana uitandi.”

[1736] See Dräger, _op. cit._

[1737] _Germ._, xlvi.: “uictui herba, uestitui pelles, cubile humus”; _Hist._, I. liii.: “corpore ingens, animi immodicus”; _Ann._, III. lxv.: “insignes per honestum aut notabili dedecore”; XII. xxix.: “subsidio uictis et terrorem aduersus uictores.”

[1738] Cicero never uses _claritudo_; Sallust uses _claritudo_, not _claritas_; in Tacitus _claritudo_ is frequent, _claritas_ rare.

[1739] Brugmann, _Indogerm. Forsch._, V., p. 100; Schmalz, _Latein. Gramm._, ed. 3 p. 474.

[1740] _Cf._ _Agr._, xxii.: “intrepida hiems”; _Germ._, xxvii.: “sepulcrum caespes erigit”; _Ann._, I. lxxiv.: “uestigia morientis libertatis.”

[1741] _Dial._, xx. 6.

[1742] In reviewing De Groot’s _Antike Prosarbythmus_, _J.R.S._, XI. (1921), pp. 116-117, I pointed out that the identity of the possibly un-Tacitean title _Annales_ with that of Ennius’s poem makes a shaky foundation for the guess that Tacitus is citing Ennius, and a shakier one for the dogmatic statement (_op. cit._, p. 27), “die Annalen fängt er aber so gar mit einem ganzen Hexameter des Ennius an.”

[1743] Ramorino, _Cornelio Tacito nella storia della coltura_, Mil., 1898; “T. during late Roman period,” J.R.S., VI. (1916), pp. 196 _sqq._

[1744] Vopisc., _Tac._, x.

[1745] Cassiod., _Var._, v. 2: “quodam (_quondam_, Müllenhoff) Cornelio scribente.”

[1746] Text: Ed. pr. (Ven.), 1470; Calderinus, Ven., 1475; G. Valla, Ven., 1486; comment. Mancinelli, Lyon, 1498; Britannicus, Bresc., 1501; Pulmannus, Antw., 1565; in usum Delphini, Par., 1684; Pithoeus, Par., 1585; Rigaltius, Par., 1613; Henninius, Utr., 1685, and Glasg., 1750; c. comm. eruditorum (with the Casaubons’ Persius), Leid., 1695; Ruperti, Lpz., 1801, 1819; Heinrich, Bonn, 1839; Stocker (w. Pers.), ed. 3, Lond., 1845; Jahn, Berl., 1851 (w. Pers. and Sulpicia, 1858; ed. 2 and 3 by Bücheler, 1886 and 1893; ed. 4, Leo, 1910); Hermann, Lpz., 1854, 1873, 1897 (w. Sulp.); Ribbeck, Lpz., 1859; Simcox (XIII. Sats.), ed. 2, Lond., 1873; Lewis (w. Eng. tr.), ed. 2, Lond., 1882; J. E. B. Mayor (XIII. Sats.), Lond., 1853, 1869, 1880-1881; E. G. Hardy (XIII. Sats.), Lond., 1883; ed. 2, 1891; Pearson and Strong, Oxf., 1887; Friedländer, 2 vols., Lpz., 1895; J. D. Duff (without II. and IX.), Camb., 1898, 1900, 1914; Housman, Lond., 1905, and in _C. P. Lat._, Lond., 1905; Owen (w. Pers.), ed. 2, Oxf., 1907.

Winstedt, _Ad Sat. VI. in cod. Bodl. additi versus xxxvi._ (facs.), Oxf., 1899; Ellis, _The new fragments of J._, Lond. and Oxf., 1901; Cope, _On a recently discovered fragmt. of J._, Oxf., 1905.

Trans.: In verse, Stapylton, Lond., 1647; Dryden and others (w. Pers.), Lond., 1693; Gifford, Lond., 1802, 1805; In prose, Strong and Leeper (XIII. Sats.), Lond., 1882; Owen, Lond., 1903; G. G. Ramsay (w. Pers., Loeb ed.), Lond., 1918.

Life: See various edns. and Friedländer, _De Juv. uitae temporibus_, Köningsb., 1875, and _Sittensgesch. Roms_; Strack, _De Juv. exilio_, Laub., 1880; Naguiewski, _De Juv. uita observ._, Riga, 1883; Hild, _Juvénal, notes biog._, Par., 1884; Dürr, _Das Leben Juv._, Ulm, 1888; Dompierre de Chaufepié, _De titulo I.R.N._ 4312 _ad Juv. poetam perperam relato_, Hag., 1889; Nettleship, “Life and Poems of J.,” in _Lects. and Essays_, ser. 2, Oxf., 1895; Merchant, “The parentage of Juv.,” _A.J.P._, 22 (1901).

On Satires: Ribbeck, _Der echte u. d. unechte Juv._, Berl., 1865; Martha, _Les moralistes sous l’emp. rom._, Par., 1866; ed. 8, 1907; Widal, _Juv. et ses satires_, Par., 1869; Tyrrell, _Lat. Poetry_, N. Yk., 1895; Plessis, _La poésie lat._, Par., 1909.

Style: Wilcke, _Disp. quid elocutio Juvenalis a Persiana differat_, Stendal, 1869; Schwartz, _De J. Horatii imitatore_, Halle, 1882; Gehlen, _De J. Vergili imitatore_, Gött., 1886; Eskuche, _Juvenals Versbau_, offprint fr. Friedländer’s ed., Lpz., 1895 (contention that J. is designedly careless in metre was opposed by L. Müller, _Berl. phil. Wochenschr._, 1896); Wilson, _Lity. influence of Martial upon J._, in _A.J.P._, 19 (1898).

[1747] Ioannes Malalas, _Chron._, X., p. 341, Chilm., says Juvenal was banished to Pentapolis in Libya for attacking Domitian’s favourite Paris. Suidas has an entry regarding Ἰουβενάλιος to like effect. Juvenal is coupled with Marius Maximus in Amm. Marcell., XXVIII. iv. 14, and with Turnus in Rut. Namat., _Itin._, I. 604, and in Ioannes Lydus, _De Mag._, l. 41.

[1748] IX. 269.

[1749] Published probably before A.D. 114. Juvenal was alive after A.D. 127.

[1750] VII. 90-92.

[1751] _E.g._ on the dole, I. 95 _sqq._; lackeys, III. 188-189; poverty, III. 152-153, 163-165.

[1752] I. 24-30; III. 58-125; X. 226.

[1753] “Quantum ipse notaui,” XV. 45, is not absolutely convincing proof of his having been in Egypt. His topographical mistake about the two villages Ombi and Tentyra does not add to one’s confidence.

[1754] _E.g._ _cf._ I. 15-17 with 25.

[1755] III. 318-321.

[1756] _C.I.L._, X. 5382 = Dessau, _Inscr. Lat. Sel._, I. 2926.

[1757] II. 159-161; IV. 126, 141; X. 14; XIV. 196; XV. 111-112, 124.

[1758] Mart., VII. xxiv. and xci.; XII. xviii.

[1759] Juv., VII. 124-125, “et melius nos egimus.” See Merchant, _A.J.P._, 22 (1901), PP. 51 _sqq._

[1760] Mart., X. xx. 3; Juv., VIII. 48; _cf._ VII. 145.

[1761] Nettleship, _Lects. and Essays_, II., pp. 124-131; Pearson and Strong’s ed., pp. 41-43.

[1762] Leo, “Doppelfassungen bei Juv.,” _Herm._, xliv. 4, argued for two complete editions, one published by the poet himself, the second (containing alterations) after his death; and attempted to reconstruct double versions in Juvenal (_cf._ the Bodleian fragment). If copies of both editions were known to commentators for centuries, then the posthumous text might in places be interpolated from the earlier.

[1763] II. 29-33; IV. 37, 73, 84-88.

[1764] IV. 153.

[1765] I. 49-50.

[1766] VI. 407, 411.

[1767] _Jrnl. of Phil._, XVI., pp. 55 _sqq._

[1768] VIII. 120: “nuper Marius discinxerit Afros.”

[1769] XIII. 17; XV. 27: “nuper consule Iunco.”

[1770] XI. 203.

[1771] I. 15-17.

[1772] XIII. 121-123.

[1773] XIII. 19-22:

“Magna quidem, sacris quae dat praecepta libellis, Victrix Fortunae Sapientia: ducimus autem Hos quoque felices, qui ferre incommoda uitae, Nec iactare iugum, uita didicere magistra.”

[1774] XI. 65, 190.

[1775] This piece, 34 lines long, was discovered in 1899 by Mr. Winstedt. The sceptical attacks of a few Continental critics have only served to establish its authenticity; but Dralle, in a Marburg dissertation, 1922, renews the ineffectual attempt.

[1776] I. 85-86:

“Quidquid agunt homines, uotum, timor, ira, uoluptas, Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli.”

[1777] VI. 433:

“Illa tamen grauior, quae cum discumbere coepit, Laudat Vergilium, periturae ignoscit Elissae.”

[1778] VI. 438-440.

[1779] VI. 440-442:

“Verborum tanta cadit uis, Tot pariter pelues et tintinnabula dicas Pulsari.”

[1780] VI. 634 _sqq._: “Fingimus haec....”

[1781] IX. 125-129:

“Nunc mihi quid suades post damnum temporis et spes Deceptas? festinat enim decurrere, uelox Flosculus, angustae miseraeque breuissima uitae Portio; dum bibimus, dum serta unguenta puellas Poscimus, obrepit non intellecta senectus.”

[1782] III. 152-153.

[1783] III. 254-267.

[1784] VII. 207-210:

“Di, maiorum umbris tenuem et sine pondere terram Spirantisque crocos et in urna perpetuum uer, Qui praeceptorem sancti uoluere parentis Esse loco.”

[1785] VIII. 19-20.

[1786] VIII. 24-28: “... Agnosco procerem....”

[1787] VIII. 83-84:

“Summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori Et propter uitam uiuendi perdere causas.”

[1788] X. 21: “et motae ad lunam trepidabis arundinis umbram.”

[1789] X. 56-89.

[1790] X. 166-167.

[1791] X. 346-366.

[1792] XI. 203:

“Nostra bibat uernum contracta cuticula solem Effugiatque togam.”

[1793] XII. 128-130.

[1794] XIII. 189-192:

“quippe minuti Semper et infirmi est animi exiguique uoluptas Vitio. Continuo sic collige, quod uindicta Nemo magis gaudet quam femina.”

[1795] XIV. 321: “Nunquam aliud Natura, aliud Sapientia dicit.”

[1796] XV. 131-133: “Mollissima corda”; _cf._ 142 _sqq._: “Separat hoc nos a grege mutorum.”

[1797] Hor., _Sat._, I. iv. 33-38, 78-85, 100-106, 129-139.

[1798] XIII. 20-22.

[1799] I. 120-126: “... ‘Profer, Galla, caput!’—‘noli uexare: quiescet.’”

[1800] IV. 117-118.

[1801] The laughable at any rate is present. Some of its aspects were made the subject of a “program” by Neissner, _Ueber das komische Element in d. Sat. des J._, Dresd., 1876.

[1802] III. 17-20:

“In uallem Egeriae descendimus et speluncas Dissimiles ueris. Quanto praesentius esset Numen aquis, uiridi si margine clauderet undas Herba, nec ingenuum uiolarent marmora tofum.”

[1803] X. 22: “cantabit uacuus coram latrone uiator.”

[1804] V. 130-131:

“plurima sunt quae non audent homines pertusa dicere laena.”

[1805] XIV. 276; I. 13; X. 221.

[1806] III. 6-9.

[1807] Nisard was too sweeping when he wrote: “Quant à la religion, ce qu’il en a dit en se moquant ôte toute autorité aux endroits où il parle sur le ton sérieux,” _Études_, etc., ed. 3, 1867, II., p. 59.

[1808] XIII. 121-122.

[1809] XIV. 25 and 215; _cf._ Hor., _Epist._, I. ii. 42; Virg., _G._, II. 363.

[1810] For historical background, Gregorovius, _Der Kaiser Hadrian_, ed. 2, Stuttg., 1884; Eng. tr., Robinson, Lond., 1898; Henderson, _Life and Principate of H._, Lond., 1923 (“H.’s Literary Activities,” pp. 240 _sqq._).

[1811] _Translations ... of Dying Hadrian’s Address to his Soul_, collected by D. Johnston, Bath, 1876 (in several languages).

[1812] This was my view in _Lit. Hist. of Rome_, 1909, p. 636. Galdi’s examination of the style and _clausulae_ of Justinus tends to show “che è assai verosimile ch’egli visse sotto gli Antonini, e propriamente tra il 130-180,” _L’epitome nella lett. lat._, 1922, p. 108.

[1813] Or, Scoticé:

Wee flutterin’ dawtit saul an’ bonnie, Ma body’s verra guest an’ crony, For whatna land maun ye awa’, Sae pale, sae cauldrife, stripp’d o’ a’, Wi’ fient a joke tae play on ony?

[1814] Ed. pr. (pref. by Campanus), Rome, 1470; (pref. by Bishop of Aleria) also Rome, 1470; (printed by Jenson) Ven., 1471; Beroaldus, Bologna, 1493, 1506; Erasmus, Bâle, 1518; Casaubon, Geneva, 1595, Par., 1610; Pitiscus (comm. varior.), Utr., 1690, Louvain, 1714; P. Burman, Amst., 1736; Baumgarten-Crusius (comm., ind.), Lpz., 1816; Roth, Lpz., 1858, 1890, 1904; Preud’homme, Gron., 1906; Ihm, Lpz., 1907. _Suet. praeter Caesarum libros reliquiae_, Reifferscheid, Lpz., 1860. Sep. _Vitae: Jul., Aug._, Peck, N. Yk., ed. 2, 1893; _Aug._, Shuckburgh, Camb., 1896; _Claud._, Smilda, Gron., 1896; _Galb., Oth., Vit._, Hofstee, Gron., 1898; _Tib., Cal., Claud., Nero_, Pike, Bost., 1903. Trans.: (1) _Caesars._, Philemon Holland, Lond., 1606 (and reissues); “By several hands,” Lond., 1688; (2) _extant wks._, Bohn Lib., Lond., 1893 and other yrs. (Forester’s revision of Thomson’s trans., Lond., 1796); Loeb Lib., Rolfe, Lond. and N. Yk., 1914.

On style, etc.: Thimm, _De usu atque elocutione C. Suet._, Königsb., 1867; Bagge, _De eloc. C. Suet._, Ups., 1875; Macé, _Essai sur Suét._, Par., 1900; Leo, _Die griech-röm. Biographie_, Lpz., 1901; Freund, _De Suet. usu ... dicendi_, Bresl., 1901; Howard and Jackson, _Index Verborum C. Suet. Tranq. stilique eius proprietatum nonnullarum_, Camb., Mass., 1922.

[1815] There are seven: _Aug._, vii.; _Cal._, xix.; _Ner._, lvii.; _Oth._, x.; _Dom._, xii.; _De Gramm._, iv. (recollection of hearing instances of students going straight from _grammatici_ to the bar); _Vit. Luc._ (recollection of Lucan being lectured on).

[1816] This is Macé’s view, _Essai sur Suét._, pp. 35 _sqq._ Mommsen’s date, a.d. 77 (_Herm._, III. p. 43), seems too late. Shuckburgh, _Aug._, p. xxviii., prefers 75, which Teuffel thinks the latest possible year.

[1817] _Ner._, lvii.; _Dom._, xii. 2.

[1818] _Ep._, I. xviii.; III. viii.; V. x.; IX. xxxiv.; X. xciv.

[1819] _Ep._, X. xciv. ... “in contubernium adsumpsi tantoque magis diligere coepi quanto hunc (? nunc, ? tunc) propius inspexi.”

[1820] “Ab epistulis”; or, acc. to the later title used by Spartian, Vit. Hadr., xi. “epistularum magister.”

[1821] Spart., _Hadr._, xi.

[1822] _Ep._, V. x. 2: “Sum et ipse in edendo haesitator: tu tamen meam quoque cunctationem tarditatemque uicisti.”

[1823] The _Lives_ of Virgil and Persius have had defenders, but are not usually accepted as by Suetonius.

[1824] Possibly it should be connected with Καισάρων ιβʹ, “The Twelve Caesars,” which it immediately precedes in Suidas.

[1825] This would make up for their dismissal with scarcely more than a chapter in _Vit. Iul._, xxv.-vi.

[1826] The theories of Reifferscheid and Schanz are summarized by Schanz, _op. cit._, VIII. iii. (1922), pp. 63-64.

[1827] Plin., _Ep._, V. x.; Macé, _op. cit._ Roth gives A.D. 106-113.

[1828] Macé, _op. cit._, has discussed the imperial documents available for consultation by Suetonius.

[1829] _Ner._, lii.

[1830] _Cl._, xli.

[1831] Prof. Monroe Deutsch has contended that the author who recorded the story of Caesar’s extravagant gifts to his reputed mistress Queen Eunoe of Mauretania was not (M. Actorius) Naso, but (P. Attius) Varus, one of Pompey’s officers, and therefore hostile to Caesar. The argument is that in Suet., _Iul._, lii., the true reading is “ut Varus scripsit,” _Class. Jrnl._, Dec., 1921.

[1832] _Cal._, viii.

[1833] _Vit._, i.

[1834] _De Gramm._, xxii.

[1835] _Anct._ _Lives of Virgil_, pp. 28 _sqq._

[1836] _Cf._ _Iul._, xliv., his mapping out of _forma_, _habitus_, _cultus_, _mores_, _ciuilia studia_, _bellica studia_, as themes to precede the omens of death.

[1837] Philarète Chasles, _Études sur le seizième siècle_, Par., 1876: “Brantôme, Pepys et Suétone,” pp. 339-352.

[1838] _Les Trophées_, sonnet on “Tranquillus.”

[1839] _Iul._, xlv.; _Aug._, lxxix.; _Tib._, lxviii.; _Cal._, l.; _Cl._, xxx.; _Ner._, li.; _Galb._, xxi.

[1840] _Iul._, xxxi.-xxxii. (where the well-known “iacta alea est” occurs). _Cf._ Lucan’s account, translated p. 303 _supra_.

[1841] _Iul._, lxxxii.; _Tib._, xi.; _Cal._, xxxii.; _Ner._, xl.-xlix.

[1842] Extract from Augustus’s letter, _Claud._, iv.: “Nam qui tam ἀσαφῶς loquatur, qui possit cum declamat σαφῶς dicere ... non uideo.”

[1843] _Hist. de l’éloq. rom._, I. 311.

[1844] De Groot, _Prosarhythmus_, pp. 108-109.

[1845] Macé, _op. cit._, pp. 379-398. Shuckburgh, _Aug._, pref. ix., declares “For rhythmical prose he has either no ear or no patience.”

[1846] Vopisc., _Firm._, i.: “Suetonius Tranquillus, emendatissimus et candidissimus scriptor ... cui familiare fuit amare breuitatem.”

[1847] Spart., _Hadr._, xvi.

[1848] _De Gram._, x.

[1849] See footnote on _Historia Augusta_, p. 655 _infra_.

[1850] Ed. pr., Par., _c._ 1470; Camers, Vienn., 1518; Gruter, Heidel., 1597; Salmasius, Heidel., 1609; Tanaquil Faber, Saumur, 1672 (illustr. Anna, T. Fabri filia, in usum Delph., Lond., 1692); Graevius, Utr., 1680; Duker, Leyd., 1722; Fischer, Lpz., 1760; Titze, Prag., 1819; Jahn, Lpz., 1852; Halm, Lpz., 1854, 1872; Rossbach, Lpz., 1896.

Trans.: M. Casaubon, Lond., 1658; Watson (w. Sall. and Paterc.), Lond., 1876, 1889.

Other Wks.: Monceaux, _Les Africains_, Par., 1894 (pp. 193-209); Sabbadini, “Del numerus in Floro,” _Riv. fil. cl._, xxv. 1897; Galdi, _L’epitome nella lett. rom._, Nap., 1922 (pp. 44-62).

[1851] Printed in Halm’s ed., pp. 106-109.

[1852] Spart. _Hadr._, xvi.; Bährens, _Frag. P.R._, p. 373.

Florus: “Ego nolo Caesar esse, Ambulare per Britannos, Scythicas pati pruinas.”

Hadr.: “Ego nolo Florus esse, Ambulare per tabernas, Latitare per popinas, Culices pati rotundos.”

One of Florus’s lines may have dropped out.

[1853] Bährens, _P.L.M._, iv., p. 279 and 346.

[1854] Ed. pr., Pithoeus, Par., 1577; (w. Catull., Tib., Prop.) Utr., 1680 (notes by Lipsius and Dousa); (w. Catull.) Owen, Lond., 1893; _Peruig. Ven._, Mackail, Lond., 1910; Clementi, Oxf., 1911 (w. trans.); Fort (in quatrains), Oxf., 1922; Postgate (Lat. and Eng.), Lond., 1924.

[1855] Mackail pointed out the quaternary arrangement and printed a reconstruction in _Jrl. Philol._, vol. xvii., 1888.

[1856] See Appendix to Fort’s ed. of _Peruig. Ven._

[1857] Flor., II. xxxiii.; Plin., _N.H._, XXXIII. 4 (21); 5 (26, 27); 6 (40).

[1858] His “plus quam bellum,” II. xi., in reference to civil strife, seems an echo of Lucan’s opening line. But see footnote on p. 321 _supra_.

[1859] _Prooem._, 8: “A Caesare Augusto in saeculum nostrum haud multo minus anni ducenti ... sub Traiano principe mouit (mouet, _Naz._) lacertos et praeter spem omnium senectus imperii ... reuiruit (reuirescit, _Naz._).” I. v. 5, “hactenus pro libertate ... Euphrates,” could not have been written before A.D. 115.

[1860] Augustine must have had Florus in his eye when he wrote the words “non tam narrare bella Romana quam Romanum imperium laudare,” _Ciu. Dei_, iii. 19.

[1861] _E.g._ the anaphora “unde ... nisi ...” three times, I. xlvii.

[1862] Monceaux, _Les Africains_, p. 209, thinks that Florus, “prépare les voies aux grands rhéteurs d’Afrique ... et s’il tombe fréquemment dans la déclamation, l’afféterie et le mauvais goût, ce seront là justement des défauts familiers à la prose africaine.”

[1863] Not, however, invariably: _e.g._ “reuersus igitur” (III. x. = I. xlv.).

[1864] Teuffel records 125 occurrences of _quasi_ and 75 of _quippe_ in the 81 chapters. The single chapter cited in the previous note illustrates several inartistic repetitions of both words.

[1865] Ed. by Wölfflin, Lpz., 1873; _cf._ Galdi, _op. cit._, pp. 80-89.

[1866] Professor Summers in his _Silver Age of Lat. Lit._ omits even Suetonius.

[1867] Certain aspects of this later Hellenic literature are sketched in Mahaffy’s _Silver Age of the Gk. World_, Chicago, 1906.

[1868] Dessau, _Herm._ XXIV. (1889), assigned it to the days of Theodosius the Great, _i.e._ late in 4th cent. But N. Baynes, _Hist. Aug., Its Date and Purpose_, Oxf., 1926, argues for A.D. 362-363, under Julian.

[1869] _De Consulatu Stilichonis_, III. 150:

“Haec est in gremium uictos quae sola recepit, Humanumque genus communi nomine fouit, Matris non dominae ritu: ciuesque uocauit, Quos domuit, nexuque pio longinqua reuinxit.”

[1870] _E.g._ Simcox, _A Hist. of Lat. Lit. from Ennius to Boethius_, 1883. Teuffel extends his _Geschichte_ beyond Cassiodorus and Gregory of Tours so as to include some writers of the seventh and eighth cents.

[1871] Manitius begins his _Gesch. der lat. Lit. des Mittelalters_, 1911-1923, with Boethius. Pichon, _Hist. de la litt. lat._, regards Sidonius, Boethius and Cassiodorus as “tout à fait confins du moyen âge.”

INDEX

The letter _n._ after a number means a footnote on the page indicated. For the main subjects treated under leading authors, consultants are referred to the summary prefixed to each chapter, and for other points to the bibliographies given in the footnotes. The index includes the names of modern scholars cited in the notes, where their views illustrate literary history or criticism.

A

_Ab_: for titles so beginning _see_ under leading word

=Abbott=, Prof. F. F., 170 _n._, 185 _n._

_Abusive Terms and their Origin_ (in Greek by Suetonius, lost), 633

=Academic Thought=, 36, 370

=Accius=, 30, 68, 70, 79, 153, 252, 254, 256, 257, 269, 273, 283, 558, 596

_Achilleid_, 470, 482-483

_Achilles in Scyros_, 483

=Ackermann=, 257 _n._

=Acrostic=, 343-344

_Acta diurna_, 584, 585, 586 _n._, 635

_Acta senatus_, 584, 585, 586 _n._, 635

_Ad_: for titles so beginning _see_ under leading word

=Addison=, 33

=Ademar=, 150, 151 _n._

_Adlocutio ad Pollam_ (Lucan, lost), 300

_Aduersus Astrologos_ (lost), 161

_Aduersus Nationes_ (Arnobius), 654

_Aegisthus_ (Andronicus, lost), 256

_Aeglogues_ (in _Shepheards Calender_), 335

=Aelian= (on Greek tactics), 630

_Aeneas_ (drama by Pomponius Secundus, lost), 159, 273

_Aeneid_, 166, 178, 182, 268, 316, 437, 441, 447, 458, 460, 466, 477, 481, 482

=Aerodius=, 414

=Aeschylean depth=, 251, 255

=Aeschylus=, 250, 253; (in relation to Seneca), 255-256; 270, 480

=Aeserninus= (speaker), 62

=Aesop=, 29, 135-139, 146, 150, 153

_Aethiopica_, 189

_Aetna_, 217, 323, 338-341

=Afer=; _see_ “Domitius”

=Afranius=, 30, 186 _n._, 277, 651

=Africa, schools in=, 37, 38, 615

=African Latin=; _see_ “Latin”

_Agamemnon_ (Aeschylus), 251, 256

_Agamemnon_ (Seneca), 248, 255-256, 267, 270, 272, 274

=Agathurnus=, Claudius, 281

_Agaue_ (Statius, lost), 158, 468, 470, 530

_Agesilaos_ (Xenophon), 569

=Agricola= (governor in Britain), 423, 560, 561, 562, 563, 567-572, 597

=Agricola= (humanist), 413

_Agricola_ (by Tacitus), 560, 563, 566, 567-573, 629

_Agricultura, De_ (Celsus, lost), 115

=Agriculture=, 18, 36, 114, 115, 160-168, 231, 334, 354, 374, 378, 383

=Agrippina the elder=, 583

=Agrippina the younger=, 201, 202, 204, 213, 244, 274, 277, 345, 349, 583, 592

=Agrippina’s= _Memoirs_, 62, 234, 584, 592

=Aietius Pastor= (rhetor), 61

=Alban poetic contests=, 6, 468, 529

=Albertini=, 196 _n._, 207, 208, 209 _n._, 211, 216 _n._, 217 _n._, 223 _n._

=Albinovanus Pedo=, 57, 156, 157, 512

=Albucius Silus= (rhetor), 48, 50, 60

_Alcithoe_ (lost drama), 278

=Alcuin=, 385, 657

=Alexander=, William, Earl of Stirling (dramatist), 273

=Alexander Severus= (emperor), 38, 40, 150, 653

=Alexander the Great=: (Curtius’s hero), 101-113; 125, 214, 315, 374, 461, 465, 617

_Alexandri Magni Historiae_, 101-113, 323

=Alexandria=, 125, 137, 150, 225, 363, 364, 367, 380, 651, 656

=Alexandrian literary canons=, 400, 401, 480

=Alexandrinism=, 287, 480, 493

=Alfieri=, 598

=Alfius Avitus= (Hadrianic poet), 628

=Alfius Flavus= (rhetor), 62

_Alice in Wonderland_, 239

=Allain=, 532 _n._, 533 _n._, 538 _n._

=Alliteration=, 263, 311, 328, 450, 466, 611, 626-627

_Aloisia_ (Chorier), 289

=Aly=, 358 _n._, 359, 360 _n._, 361

=Alzinger=, 338

_Ambracia_ (Ennius, lost), 273

=Ambrosius=, 643, 654

=Ammianus Marcellinus=, 597, 627, 643, 649, 655, 656

=Ampelius=, 649

_Anabasis_ (Arrian), 631

_Anabasis_ (Xenophon), 631

=Analogy and Anomaly= (linguistic), 352

=Anatole France=, 44 _n._, 188, 197 _n._

=Anderson=, J. G. C., 202 _n._, 559 _n._, 569 _n._, 571 _n._

=Andrelinus=, 335

=Andresen=, 569 _n._

=Andronicus=, Livius, 27, 29, 70, 256, 342

_Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, 581

=Annaeus Mela=, 44, 198, 296, 298

=Annaeus Novatus=, “Gallio,” 44, 197, 211, 212, 296

=Annaeus Seneca=, L.: _see_ “Seneca the elder”

=Annaeus Seneca=, L.: _see_ “Seneca the younger”

=Annaeus Serenus=, 213, 214

_Annales_ (Hortensius, lost), 89

_Annals_ of Tacitus, or _Ab Excessu Diui Augusti_, 97, 156, 562, 563, 576, 577, 581-596, 597

=Annianus= (poet), 628

=Ante-Augustan poetry=, 30: _see also_ “Archaizing”

_Anthologia Latina_, 246

=Anthropology= (barely touched in Pliny), 354, 363, 365, 368, 573-574

=Anti-Caesarian spirit=, 1, 7, 84; (in drama), 277; (alleged in Persius), 293-294; 297; (in Lucan), 311, 316-318; _see also_ “Stoic Opposition”

=Antigonus of Carystus=, 364

=Antimachus=, 480

_Antiquae Lectiones_ or _Stromateus_ (lost dictionary), 558

=Antistius Sosianus= (satirist), 346

=Antistius Vetus=, L., 234

=Antoninus Pius= (emperor), 39, 602, 632, 651, 654

=Antonius Castor= (botanist), 131, 363

=Antonius Julianus= (historian), 585

=Antonius Liberalis= (rhetor), 236

=Aper=, Marcus (in Tacitus’s _Dialogus_), 257, 389, 561, 564

=Apicius=, 131

_Apicius De Re Coquinaria_, 132

_Apocolocyntosis_, 173, 227, 237-246, 292 _n._

=Apollinaris= (critic), 431

=Apollinaris Sidonius=; _see_ “Sidonius”

=Apollodoreans=, 61, 397, 398

=Apollodorus= (on siege-craft), 630

=Apollodorus of Pergamum=, 61, 397

=Apollonius of Rhodes=, 435, 436, 445, 446, 448

_Apologeticum_ (Tertullian), 231, 654

_Apophoreta_ (Martial), 501, 503, 512

=Apotheosis=, 3, 242, 313: _see also_ “Deification” and satiric treatment in _Apocolocyntosis_

_Appendix Vergiliana_, 338

=Appian=, 321 _n._, 654

_Apuleius_, 38, 189, 415, 430, 523, 596, 646, 652, 654, 655

=Aqueducts=, 18, 368, 423, 427-430, 486; (_Marcia_), 508; (_Virgo_), 521 _n._; 583

_Aquis, De_, 423, 424, 427-431

_Aratea_ (Cicero), 156

_Aratea_ (Germanicus), 156, 344

=Aratus=, 155

_Arboribus, De_ (Columella), 161

=Archaisms=, 191, 231, 236, 283, 410, 466 _n._, 558, 593 _n._, 595-596, 630, 642, 651, 652

=Archaizing=, 2, 30, 61, 228, 412, 596, 597, 650-652

=Archilochus= (iambic satirist), 512

=Archimedes=, 363, 461

=Architecture=, 36, 364, 629

_Ardaliones_, 16, 140, 216

=Arellius Fuscus= (rhetor), 44, 45 _n._, 48, 51, 52, 57, 60

=Argentarius= (rhetor), 61

_Argonautica_ (Apollonius), 435

_Argonautica_ (Valerius Flaccus), 433-451, 475

_Argumentatio_, 61

=Aristarchus= (literary critic), 401

=Aristarchus= (scientific source for Pliny), 362

=Aristides= (rhetorician), 655

=Aristobulus=, 105

=Aristocrates=, Petronius, 281

=Aristophanes=, comic dramatist, 244, 284

=Aristophanes of Byzantium=, 401

=Aristotelianism=, 13, 407

=Aristotle=, 222, 356 _n._, 357, 359, 360, 361, 363, 366, 367, 385, 404

=Arithmetic=, 24, 26, 36

=Arnault=, 598

=Arnobius=, 654

=Arnolletus=, 335

=Arrian=, 102, 105, 231, 630, 631, 654

=Arrius Antoninus= (writer of Greek mimes), 555

=Arruntius= (orator), 62

_Ars_ (Palaemon’s rhetoric), 131

_Ars Poetica_ (_Ad Pisones_, Horace), 542

=Art= (painting, sculpture, etc.), 4, 95-96, 176, 179, 181, 348 _n._, 354, 355, 359, 364, 368, 403, 471, 487, 493, 508, 569

=Artificiality=; _see_ “Rhetorical Style”

=Arulenus Rusticus= (Stoic), 386

=Asbach=, 560 _n._

=Ascham=, 413

=Asclepiades=, 116, 120

=Asconius Pedianus=, 235, 634

=Ashby=, Dr. Thomas, 422 _n._

=Asian style=, 403

=Asinius Gallus=, 62, 636

=Asinius Pollio=, 28, 44, 48, 50, 58, 62, 70, 319, 635

=Asper=, Aemilius (grammarian), 432

=Asprenas=, (rhetor), 62

_Astronomica_ (Manilius), 154, 323

=Astronomy=, 28, 36, 125, 155-156, 163, 177, 221, 312, 324, 363, 384, 394, 397

_Astyanax_ (Accius, lost), 252

=Ateius Philologus=, 28

=Atellan farce=, 157-158, 178, 276, 277

=Athenaeum= (Hadrian’s), 39, 629

=Athenian drama=; _see_ “Greek drama”

_Atreus_ (Accius, lost), 257

_Atreus_ (Mamercus Scaurus, lost), 62, 158

_Atreus_ (Rubrenus Lappa, lost), 278

=Atrius=, 557

=Attalus= (philosopher), 199

_Attia Viriola, Pro_ (lost speech by Pliny), 537, 550

=Attic style=, 403-404

=Atticus=, Julius, 131, 164

=Atticus=, Pomponius (Cicero’s friend), 30, 89, 226, 542

_Aufidi Bassi, A Fine_ (lost history), 352

=Aufidius Bassus=, 82, 352, 585, 587

=Aufidius Chius= (jurist), 431

=Augurinus= (author of _poematia_), 548, 556

=Augustan Age=, 1, 10, 21, 84, 89, 100, 252, 418, 590, 636, 655

_Augustan History_: _see_ “_Historia Augusta_”

=Augustans=, 60, 287, 332, 410: _see also_ “Horace,” “Livy,” “Virgil,” etc.

=Augustine=, St., 38, 115, 597, 647 _n._, 657

=Augustus=, Octavian Caesar, 2, 3, 39, 44, 45, 63, 65, 73, 83, 84, 88, 89, 90, 96, 98, 134, 150, 154, 155, 156, 170, 176, 183, 240, 244, 296, 363, 369, 370, 380, 397, 407, 563, 577, 581, 590, 592, 593, 634, 637, 639, 647

=Aurelius=, Marcus, 37, 38, 40, 150, 231, 630, 631, 651

=Aurelius Victor=, 643

=Ausonius=, 38, 40, 523, 627, 656

=Autobiographies=, 570, 585: _see_ “_Memoirs_”

=Avianus= (fabulist), 134, 149, 150

=Avienus= (descriptive poet), 156

B

=Babrius=, 150

=Bacha=, 591 _n._

=Bacon=, 166, 203, 204, 230, 364, 658

=Baebius Massa= (_delator_), 421

=Bährens, E.=, 193, 246 _n._, 301 _n._, 342 _n._

=Bährens, W. A.=, 533 _n._

=Bagge=, 631 _n._

=Baier=, 297 _n._, 319

=Bailey’s= _Festus_ quoted, 120

=Balbus= (geometrician), 558

=Barberet=, 161 _n._

=Barclay=, Alex., 335

=Barea Soranus=, 235

=Basil the Great=, 420

=Bassus= (dramatist), 257, 278 _n._

=Bassus=, Aufidius: _see_ “Aufidius”

=Bassus=, Caesius (metrist and lyric poet), 235, 280, 282, 287, 346

=Bassus=, Julius (rhetor), 48, 198

=Bassus=, Saleius (epic poet), 336, 346, 529

=Baynes=, 655 _n._

=Bebel=, 413

=Beck=, 169 _n._, 170, 352 _n._

=Bede=, 384, 657

=Beesly=, 590 _n._

_Bellum Ciuile_ (poem in _Satyricon_), 182, 192

=Bembo=, 658

=Bender=, 532 _n._

_Beneficiis, De_, 206, 218-221, 234

=Berge=, De la, 532 _n._, 538 _n._

=Bernhardy=, 331

=Bibaculus=, 153, 512

=Bickel=, 243 _n._, 245 _n._

=Binet=, 193

=Biography=, 158, 200, 206, 279, 364, 421, 557, 567-573, 597; (medieval _Vitae_), 599-604; 629; (in Suetonius), 631-643; _see_ “_Memoirs_”

=Bion=, 289

=Bionaean satire=, 227, 289

=Birt=, 242 _n._, 249 _n._, 357, 358 _n._

=Blair= (rhetorician), 413

=Boccaccio=, 597, 658

=Bocchus=, 83

=Boethius=, 657

=Bötticher=, 560 _n._, 593

=Boileau=, 294, 548, 627

=Boissier=, 40 _n._, 42 _n._, 498 _n._, 560 _n._, 571 _n._, 586

=Bonnefons= (author of _Basia_), 529

=Book production and sales=, 282, 391, 392, 499, 519, 536 _n._, 537, 555, 644

=Borenius=, 586 _n._

=Bornecque=, 31 _n._, 42 _n._

=Borrow=, 190

=Boswellian qualities=, 55

=Botany=, 131; (in _Columella_), 165-168; (in Pliny), 354, 363, 366; _see also_ “Agriculture”

=Botticelli=, 325

=Bourgery=, 196 _n._, 207, 218 _n._, 221 _n._, 223 _n._, 230 _n._

=Brakman=, 338 _n._

=Brassicanus=, 334

_Breuitate Vitae, De (Ad Paulinum)_, 207, 208, 215-217

=Bridges=, Robert, 483

=Brieger=, 359

=Britain=, schools in, 37, 603

=Britannicus=, 202, 204, 274, 583

_Britannicus_ (Racine), 598

=Browning=, 292, 621

=Brugmann=, 595 _n._

=Brunn=, 356, 358

=Bruttedius= (rhetor), 62

_Brutus_ (Accius, lost), 273

=Buchanan=, George, 271, 658

=Budaeus=, 658

=Bücheler=, 135 _n._, 169 _n._, 245 _n._, 338

=Buffon=, 366

=Bunbury=, 126 _n._

=Burman=, 86 _n._, 133 _n._, 169 _n._, 433 _n._

=Burns=, Robert, 144, 543

=Burrus=, 202

=Bursian’s= _Jahresber._, 387 _n._, 533 _n._

=Butler=, Prof. H. E., 270 _n._, 446 _n._, 496 _n._, 498 _n._

=Byron=, 296, 516, 518, 544, 627

=Byzantines=, 643, 649

C

=Caecilius= (dramatist), 30, 651

=Caecilius Calactinus=, 407

=Caecilius Epirota=, 30

=Caelius Antipater=, 70, 362, 642

=Caelius Rufus=, 430

=Caepio= (botanist), 131

=Caesar=: _see_ “Julius”

=Caesar=, continuators of, 93

=Caesars=, flattery of, 69, 72-73, 78, 81, 85-90, 96-100, 201, 210-211, 218, 243, 244, 302, 331, 333, 335, 343, 389, 469, 470, 472, 485, 486-487, 521-522, 529, 538-540, 623

=Caesars=, opposition to, 14, 63, 89, 235, 293, 299, 311, 316-318: _see_ “Anti-Caesarian,” “Stoic opposition”

_Caesars, Lives of the_ (Suetonius), 2, 632, 634-636, 637-643

=Caesar-worship=, 3, 14, 73, 98, 99, 102; (Augustal priesthood), 175, 179; (jested at), 240; 302, 334, 521-522, 539, 551, 603; _see_ “Deification”

=Caesellius Vindex= (scholar), 558

=Caesius Bassus=; _see_ “Bassus”

=Calderon=, 272

=Caligula=, Gaius Caesar, 5, 6, 13, 46, 61, 63, 82, 83, 102, 114, 126, 132, 134, 135, 157, 158, 200, 211, 243, 263, 353, 385, 489, 571, 577, 581, 582, 590, 591, 636, 639; (_Life_), 640

=Callimachus=, 555

=Calpurnius Flaccus=, 32, 56

=Calpurnius Piso= (elegiac writer in younger Pliny’s time), 556

=Calpurnius Piso=, C. (Neronian conspirator), 203, 299, 332, 335-336, 338

=Calpurnius Piso=, L. (Tiberian orator), 63

=Calpurnius Siculus=, 17, 194, 293, 330-338, 339, 656

=Calvus= (orator and poet), 552, 556

=Cammelli=, 270

=Campbell= (rhetorician), 413

=Caninius Rufus= (epic writer), 556

=Canius Rufus= (tragic writer), 530

=Capito=, Ateius (rhetor), 48, 62, 131, 430

=Capitoline poetic contests=, 6, 470, 529, 644

_Captive Women_ (lost play by Sophocles), 252

=Carlyle=, 205, 621

=Carthaginian writers=, 160, 364, 654; _see also_ “Apuleius,” “Augustine,” “Hanno,” “Mago”

=Carus= (emperor), 331

=Casaubon=, 293, 294

=Cassiodor(i)us=, 412, 542, 554, 597, 657 _n._

=Cassius= (physician), 117

=Cassius Longinus= (jurist), 235

=Cassius Severus= (orator), 48, 49, 63

_Catachannae_ (Hadrian’s, lost), 629

_Catachthonion_ (Lucan’s, lost), 300, 301

_Catilina_ (Sallust), 570

_Catiline_ (Ben Jonson), 273

=Cato the elder=, “Censor,” 24, 35, 36, 45, 71, 89, 115, 151, 163, 164, 165, 334, 356, 357, 359, 360, 363, 378, 396, 642, 650

=Cato Uticensis=, 79, 90, 92, 96, 214, 235, 246; (as Lucan’s hero), 305, 314-315, 318, 328, 329

_Cato, Life of_ (by Thrasea), 235, 280

_Cato_ (_praetexta_ by Curiatius Maternus, lost), 273, 278, 529

=Catullian influence=; (on Statius), 493; (on Martial), 512, 513, 515, 523; (at Renaissance), 529; (in Pliny’s time), 556

=Catullus=, 1, 144, 153, 348, 402, 408, 497, 510, 511, 512, 513, 523, 524, 556

=Catullus= (mime-writer), 157

=Catulus= (Republican autobiography), 570

_Catus De Liberis Educandis_ (Varro), 566

_Causae_ (Ciceronian), 32 _n._, 47

=Cavalier poets=, 518

=Celsus=, Cornelius, 16, 18, 36, 114-124, 130, 131, 132, 161, 164, 235, 357, 363, 407, 420, 554

_Cena Trimalchionis_, 174-185

=Censorinus=, 633, 643

=Cestius Pius= (rhetor), 45 _n._, 49, 50, 58, 61

=Character-drawing=, 94-97, 107-110, 179, 187, 259, 302, 444-446; (weak in Silius), 463; (in Tacitus), 564, 572, 577-578, 580, 590-592, 594; (in Juvenal), 610-612, 614

=Charisius=, 352, 558, 653

=Charlemagne=, 385, 643

=Chasles=, 638 _n._

=Chaucer=, 104, 175, 484, 622, 627

=Chauvin=, 185 _n._

=Chénier=, 598

=Chorier=, 289

_Chorographia_ or _De Situ Orbis_, 126-131

_Chriae_, 29

=Christian affinities=; (in Seneca), 231; (in Persius), 294; (in Statius), 479, 484

=Christian apologetics=, 2, 653-654

=Christian literary studies=, 38, 528, 627, 643, 654: _see_ “Fathers of the Church”

=Christianity and Christians=, 3, 545, 546, 550, 551, 554, 597, 653-654

=Chrysippus=, 282, 407, 566

=Cicero=, 1, 18, 19, 28, 30, 32, 35, 36, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 56, 58, 61, 62, 70, 81, 84, 91, 105, 123, 155, 156, 165, 190, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 233, 235, 252, 269, 310, 320, 352, 378, 383, 395, 396, 398, 401, 402, 407, 409, 410, 421, 431, 453, 458, 465, 533, 536, 542, 544, 550, 552, 553, 554, 566, 570, 615, 617, 633, 637, 642, 648

_Ciceromastix_, 432

=Ciceronian age=, 84, 92 _n._

=Ciceronian influence=, 47, 58, 400, 410, 566, 570

=Ciceronian style=, contrasts with, 78, 90, 383, 401, 431, 593, 657

=Ciceronianism=, 18, 19, 20, 228, 390, 401, 411; (in younger Pliny), 551-554; 561, 566, 598, 633, 651, 654, 655

=Cicero’s= _Letters_, 542, 544

_Cicero’s Republic, On_ (Suetonius, lost), 633

=Cichorius=, 158 _n._, 161 _n._, 249 _n._

_Ciuitate Dei, De_, 657

=Claranus=, 432

=Clark=, Prof. A. C., 235 _n._, 484 _n._

=Clason=, 586 _n._

=Classic=, 22, 606-607

_Clastidium_ (Naevius, lost), 273

=Claudian=, 627, 656, 657

=Claudius= (emperor), 3, 4, 5, 6, 17, 29, 39, 61-62, 63, 64, 82, 83, 102, 114, 126, 131, 183, 201, 204, 211, 215, 218; (satirized), 237-246; 247, 274, 277, 280, 331, 342, 349, 353, 489, 539, 577, 581, 582, 583, 585, 590, 634, 635, 639; (_Life_), 640

=Claudius Balbillus=, 234

=Claussen=, 401 _n._

_Clausulae_ (sentence-endings), 113, 124, 130-131, 165, 207, 218 _n._, 400, 411 _n._, 414, 551, 629 _n._, 642, 649

_Clementia, De_, 202, 206, 208, 217-218

=Clemm=, 593 _n._

=Cleopatra=, 315, 379, 384

=Cleophantus=, 116

=Clitarchus=, 105

=Clodius Quirinalis= (rhetorician), 236

_Clutemestra_ (Accius, lost), 256

=Cluvius Rufus=, 385, 453, 584, 585, 586 _n._, 587

=Coarseness=, 123-124, 149, 172, 184, 186-188, 189, 247, 292 _n._, 504, 505, 514, 518, 521-524, 536, 609-612, 623, 637-638

=Codrus= or =Cordus= (epic writer), 530

=Cole=, 401 _n._

=Coleridge=, 156

_Collecta_ (Pomponius Rufus, lost), 70

_Collectanea Rerum Memorabilium_ (Solinus), 384

=Colloquialisms=: _see_ “Latin, spoken”

_Colores_ (manual), 62

_Colores_ (rhetorical), 34, 51-53, 57, 62, 540

=Colson=, F. H., 9, 388 _n._, 392 _n._, 409 _n._, 412 _n._, 413 _n._

=Columella=, 16, 18, 114, 131, 160-168, 231, 334, 357, 361, 364, 554, 595, 643

=Comedy=, Latin, 157, 184, 190, 276-277, 292 _n._, 402, 506, 547, 556, 557

_Commentarii Agrippinae_: _see_ “Agrippina’s _Memoirs_”

_Commentarii Principales_, 585

=Commodianus=, 654

=Commodus= (emperor), 652

_Communes loci_ (“common places”), 31, 59, 209, 280, 288, 327

_Confessiones_, 38

_Coniecturales causae_, 31

=Conrad=, 190

_Consolatio ad Heluiam_, 197, 201, 207, 208, 210, 298

_Consolatio ad Marciam_, 200, 207, 208, 209-210

_Consolatio ad Polybium_, 201, 207, 208, 210-211, 243, 342

“=Consolations=” (in prose or verse), 156, 209-211, 487, 489, 491, 492

=Consoli=, 532 _n._

_Constantia Sapientis, De_, 207, 208, 213, 234

=Constantine=, 655

=Constantius Chlorus=, 40

_Controuersia_ (as exercise), 9, 11, 32-35, 326, 419

_Controuersiae_ (elder Seneca), 44, 45-57, 60, 63, 653

_Controuersiae et Suasoriae_ (elder Seneca), 23, 32, 33, 43

=Copernicus=, 365, 366

=Corbulo=: _see_ “Domitius”

=Corduba=, 43, 197, 298, 318

=Corneille=, 271, 598

=Cornelius Balbus= (dramatist), 273

=Cornelius Nepos= (biographer), 89, 128, 356, 362, 364, 634, 635

=Cornelius Severus= (poet), 58, 339

=Cornificius=, 407

=Cornutus=, 235, 281, 282, 286, 288, 292, 298

_Corruptae Eloquentiae, De Causis_ (Quintilian, lost), 391, 566

=Cosmology and Cosmography= (in younger Seneca), 221-222; (in elder Pliny), 354

=Cosmopolitanism=, 4, 13, 60, 202, 232

=Courbaud=, 576 _n._

_Courtesans, Eminent_ (Suetonius, lost), 633

=Courthope=, 527 _n._

=Cowley=, 658

=Cowper=, 545

=Crates=, 27

=Cratinus=, 284

=Cremutius Cordus=, 63, 82, 209, 319, 635

=Criticism on speakers=, 5, 47-52, 55, 199-200, 388, 395, 403-405, 408, 536-538, 561-562, 564-566; _see also_ “Literary Criticism,” “Oratory,” “Rhetoric”

=Crito= (Hadrianic Greek historian, lost), 630

=Cruickshank=, Prof., 316 _n._

=Crusius=, 137 _n._

=Cucheval=, 42 _n._, 537 _n._, 641

_Culex_, 485

=Cunaeus=, 245

_Cupid and Psyche_, 189, 408

=Curiatius Maternus=, 254, 257, 273, 274, 277-278, 529, 564-565

=Curtius Montanus= (satirist, lost), 346

=Curtius Rufus=, Q., 18, 82, 101-113, 130, 323, 431

=Cuvier=, 366

_Cynegetica_, 330, 656

=Cynicism=, 12, 14, 173, 245, 288, 289, 418

=Cynico-Stoical thought=, 288, 289

=Cyprian=, 654

D

=Dante=, 484, 658

=Darwin=, 365

_De_: for titles _see_ under leading word

=Decadence in oratory=, 11, 46-47, 49, 51, 59, 229, 391, 394, 552, 563, 564-567

=Decadence in style=, 227, 652

=Decadent literature=, 22, 283, 557, 650

_Decius_ (Accius, lost), 273

=Declamation=, 9-12, 30-36, 38, 39, 42 _n._, 43, 44, 47-48, 49, 50, 56, 60, 61, 75-79, 81, 118, 198, 209, 298, 324, 352, 390, 391, 394-395, 398, 414-420, 601, 603, 615, 617, 625, 636, 640

_Declamationes_ (pseudo-Quintilianean), 391, 411, 412, 414-420

_Defloratio_ (excerpted from elder Pliny), 385

=Deification=, 13, 17, 98, 239; (of Hercules), 258; (of Nero), 302; 575, 603: _see also_ “Apotheosis” and for satiric treatment “_Apocolocyntosis_”

_Delatores_, 10, 63-64, 142, 236

_Deliciae Poetarum_, 658

=Demetrius= (Cynic), 288

=Demetrius of Phaleron=, 137, 150

=Democritus=, 617

=Demosthenes=, 174, 404, 537, 552, 617

=Dessau=, Prof., 4 _n._, 161 _n._, 213 _n._, 216 _n._, 536 _n._, 603 _n._, 655 _n._

=Detlefsen=, 349 _n._, 354 _n._, 358

=Deutsch=, Prof. Monroe, 635 _n._

=Dialectic= (Logic), 36, 397, 611

_Dialogi_ (Seneca), 206-217

_Dialogus de Oratoribus_, 23, 257, 278, 297, 389, 391, 409 _n._, 529, 560, 561, 563, 564-567, 596

=Dickens=, 188

=Dicuil=, 385

=Didactic=, 45-47, 66-68, 87-88, 115, 125, 137, 143, 155, 163, 192, 246; (in Seneca’s dramas), 266; (in Persius), 283 _sqq._; (in Lucan), 324; (in Silius), 461; (prominent in Juvenal’s later manner), 618, 620-621; 656

=Diderot=, 211, 243 _n._

=Didymus= (grammarian), 633

=Dill=, 4 _n._, 37 _n._, 38 _n._

=Diminutives=, 152, 191, 231, 292 _n._, 627, 630, 652

=Diocletian=, 631, 643, 652, 655, 656

=Diodorus Siculus=, 105, 655

=Diomedes= (grammarian), 170, 512, 653

=Dio(n) Cassius=, 202, 204, 242, 321 _n._, 331, 598, 655

=Dion Chrysostom=, 6, 655

=Dionysius of Halicarnassus=, 401, 407

=Dioscorides=, 363

Διοσημεῖα (Aratus), 155

_Diuinae Institutiones_ (Lactantius), 654

=Divination=, 222, 303-304, 309-310, 314: _see_ “Superstition”

=Domitian=, 3, 6, 7, 13, 14, 39, 155, 236, 274, 278, 386, 389, 421, 422, 423, 426, 427, 431, 433, 454, 468, 469, 470, 472, 485, 487, 490, 493, 507, 521, 522, 529, 530, 532, 534, 539, 540, 561, 562, 563, 565, 566, 567, 570, 571, 574, 576, 577, 591, 601, 602, 605, 609, 614, 632; (_Life_), 641; 644

=Domitius Afer=, 63, 236, 388

=Domitius Corbulo=, 234, 348, 426, 584

=Domitius Marsus=, 512

_Domitius_ (_praetexta_ by Curiatius Maternus, lost), 273, 278, 529

=Donatus= (grammarian), 637, 653

=Dräger=, 19 _n._, 593 _n._, 594 _n._

=Dralle=, 606 _n._

=Drama=, 6, 17, 137, 151, 157-159, 234, 245; (Seneca), 247-270; (Seneca’s influence on later drama), 270-273; 273-278, 289, 296, 400, 506, 529; (element of, in Juvenal), 613-614, 617; 629

=Dramatic metre=, 153-154, 269-270, 274

=Dressler=, 136

=Drobisch=, 496 _n._

=Dryden=, 79, 599 _n._, 626, 627

_Dubius Sermo_ (lost), 159 _n._, 352

=Dubois-Guchan=, 560 _n._

_Duchess of Malfi_, 272

=Dürr=, 600 _n._, 602

=Duff=, J. D., 196 _n._, 207 _n._, 599 _n._

=Duff=, Prof. J. Wight, 24 _n._, 80 _n._, 89 _n._, 93 _n._, 115 _n._, 133 _n._, 149 _n._, 154 _n._, 164 _n._, 173 _n._, 195 _n._, 301 _n._, 338 _n._, 341 _n._, 342 _n._, 358 _n._, 370 _n._, 492 _n._, 534 _n._, 596 _n._, 629 _n._

=Dumas=, 187, 188

=Duncan=, J. S., 493 _n._

=Duris of Samos=, 364

=Duruy=, 590 _n._

=Dziatzko=, 369 _n._

E

_Ecerinis_ (Mussato), 270

=Eclogues=, 17, 293, 330-338: _see_ “_Aeglogues_,” “_Egloges_”

_Eclogues_ (Virgil), 166, 334

=Education=, 8-12, 23-41, 43, 45-60, 91, 115, 118, 134, 173, 189, 191, 201, 236, 287, 295, 296, 298, 324, 342, 345, 348, 352, 364; (of an orator), 387-421; 468, 499, 501, 532, 536, 561, 564, 589, 606, 611, 616, 636

=Education=, bibliography, 23-24 _n._

_Educatione Liberorum, De_ (Περὶ Παίδων Ἀγωγῆς, perhaps Plutarch’s), 26 _n._, 27, 35, 409 _n._, 412-413, 566

_Egloges_ (Barclay), 335

=Einhard= or =Einhart=, 555 _n._, 643, 657

=Einsiedeln eclogues=, 293, 337-338

=Elegiac epigram=, 155, 246, 511-513

=Elegiac poetry=, 402, 494, 529, 536, 555, 556

=Elegy=, 137, 156, 485, 525

=Ellis=, Prof. Robinson, 83 _n._, 98, 133 _n._, 134, 135 _n._, 149 _n._, 150 _n._, 270 _n._, 415 _n._

_Elocutio nouella_, 651-652

=Elogius= (author of _Memoirs_), 636

=Elyot’s= _Governour_, 413

_Emendatio_, 29

_Enarratio_, 29

=Emperors=, attitude to education and rhetoric, 38-41, 61-62, 389, 615, 629

=Emperors=, in relation to literature, 5-6, 45, 61-62, 63, 82, 299, 345-346, 348, 605, 629-630: _see also_ “Imperial repression” and under individual emperors’ names

=Encyclopaedic learning=, 16, 18, 36, 115, 122, 189, 324; (in Pliny), 350-385; (in Suetonius), 633-634, 643; 649, 651

=Enk=, P. J., 274 _n._

=Ennian words=, 448, 481

=Ennius=, 28, 30, 134, 137, 153, 185, 228, 254, 257, 269, 273, 323, 368, 402, 460, 465, 466 _n._, 558, 596, 642, 650, 651

=Epic=, 7, 12, 17, 137, 157, 182, 184, 192-193, 245; (Lucan), 296-329; 342, 345; (Val. Flacc.), 433-451; (Silius), 452-466; (Statius), 467-497; 506, 529, 530, 536, 555-556, 656

_Epicedion_ (lament), 468, 492

=Epictetus=, 105, 231, 453

=Epicureanism=, 13, 36, 192, 213, 215, 222, 223, 239, 267, 295, 304, 370, 461, 587

=Epicurus=, 223

=Epigram= (feature of style), 10, 11, 18, 20, 57, 59, 76, 79, 92, 194, 230, 261, 264-265, 324, 381-382, 390, 395, 495, 511, 567, 576, 594, 596, 650

=Epigram= (Greek form), 511

=Epigram= (poem), 7, 8, 17, 155, 193-194, 246, 298; (Martial), 501-529; 536, 555, 556, 636

_Epigrammata_, (Lucan, lost), 301

_Epistles_ (Horace), 621

_Epistulae_ (Lucan, lost), 301

_Epistulae_ (Pliny), 233, 533, 541-555

_Epistulae_ (Symmachus), 554

_Epistulae Ad Familiares_ (Cicero), 542

_Epistulae Morales, Ad Lucilium_ (Seneca), 203, 206, 208, 212, 217, 223-234, 243

=Epitaph=, 179, 524-525

=Epithalamium=, 485

=Epitomes=, 45, 46, 71, 321 _n._, 384-385, 454, 470, 629, 646, 649, 653

=Eprius Marcellus= (_delator_), 236

=Erasistratus=, 116

=Erasmus=, 413, 555, 658

=Eratosthenes=, 369, 435

=Erotic verse=, 29, 246-247, 345, 523, 529, 530

=Essay-like writing=, 229-230, 542-545, 651-652

=Esternaux=, 424 _n._

=Ethics=, 5, 13, 36, 60, 67, 206, 222; (_Epist. Mor._), 223-234; 305, 396, 397, 403, 406, 524; (in Juvenal), 608-623: _see also_ “Stoicism”

=Ethnology=, 125, 129, 354, 573-574; _see_ “Anthropology”

_Ethologiae_, 29

=Euclid=, 558

=Eugenius Vulgarius=, 170

=Eulogy= (formal): _see_ “Panegyric”

=Eumenius of Autun=, 40

=Euphorion=, 61

=Eupolis=, 284

=Euripides=, 78, 107, 134, 244; (in relation to Seneca), 250-255; 257, 258, 259, 270, 480

=Eusebius=, 633

=Eutropius=, 643

_Evagoras_ (Isocrates), 569

_Excessu Diui Augusti, Ab_: _see_ “_Annals_”

_Exitus Inlustrium Virorum_ (lost), 557

F

=Fabia=, 349 _n._, 353, 586, 587 _n._

=Fabianus=, Papirius (philosopher), 48, 52, 60, 132, 199, 227, 235

=Fabius Rusticus= (historian), 386, 576, 584

=Fables=, 17, 123, 133-154

_Fabula_, in sense of “fable,” 123: _see_ “Phaedrus”

_Fabula_, in sense of “play”: _see_ “_(Fabulae) Palliatae_,” “_Praetextae_,” “_Togatae_”

_Fabula saltica_, 158, 276, 301, 615

=Fannius= (historian), 548, 557

=Faraday=, 365

=Fathers of the Church=, 294, 528, 555, 597, 654

=Faust=, 591 _n._

=Faustus= (dramatist), 278

=Favez=, 197 _n._, 209 _n._

=Favorinus=, 651

=Fenestella=, 356, 364, 429, 634

=Fenizio=, Di, 428

=Ferrero=, 4 _n._

=Fescennine spirit=, 268

=Festus= (lexicographer), 649

_Festus_, Bailey’s, quoted, 120

=Ficino=, 658

=Fielding=, 187

=Figulus=; _see_ “Nigidius”

=Filelfo=, 411

_Filostrato e Panfila_ (Cammelli), 271

=Fiske=, 287 _n._

=Flaminio=, 658

=Flavian dynasty in relation to literature=, 378: _see also_ “Vespasian,” “Titus,” “Domitian”

=Flavius Caper= (Virgilian scholar), 558

=Florus=, 7, 18, 89, 110 _n._, 321 _n._, 431, 554, 629, 642, 644-649

=Flower Smith=, Prof. K., 498 _n._

_Forma Mundi, De_ (lost), 207

=Fracastoro=, 658

=Frank=, Prof., 4 _n._

=Freedmen=, 6, 27, 28, 30, 131, 134, 174-180, 190, 210, 227, 241, 242, 243, 245, 286, 342, 363, 380, 418, 489, 536, 539-540, 549, 576, 579, 583, 601, 602, 607

=Freinsheim=, 101 _n._, 102

=Freund=, 631 _n._

=Frey=, 156

=Freytag=, 590 _n._

=Friedländer=, 4 _n._, 149 _n._, 183, 498 _n._, 605

=Fritze=, 424 _n._

=Froment=, 409 _n._

=Frontinus=, 18, 423-431, 535, 554, 555, 570

=Fronto=, 37, 228, 323, 554, 651-652

_Frontoniani_, 412: _see_ “Archaizing”

=Fulgentius=, 170, 193

=Furius Antias=, 466 _n._, 481

=Furtwängler=, 359 _n._, 360 _n._

=Furneaux=, 19 _n._, 101 _n._, 559 _n._, 560 _n._, 569 _n._, 571 _n._, 590 _n._, 593 _n._

G

=Gaetulicus, Lentulus=, 83, 512, 636

=Galba= (emperor), 3, 235, 389, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 586; (_Life_), 637-638; 639

=Galdi=, 71 _n._, 344 _n._, 384 _n._, 470 _n._, 629 _n._, 644 _n._, 649 _n._

=Galerius Trachalus= (orator), 236, 388

=Galileo=, 365, 366

=Gallic rhetoric=, 16, 37, 236, 421, 564, 655

=Gallio, Junius= (rhetor), 58, 60, 198

“=Gallio=”: _see_ “Annaeus Novatus”

_Games among the Greeks_ (in Greek by Suetonius, lost), 633

=Gantrelle=, 571

=Gaul=, schools in, 31, 37, 38; (Autun), 40; (Arles), 236; 421, 555, 615

=Gavius Silo= (rhetor), 48

=Gellius=, Aulus, 65, 228, 236, 342, 352, 415, 558, 596, 633, 651-652

_Genethliacon Lucani_, 297, 488

=Genthe=, 301 _n._

=Gentile=, 590 _n._

=Geography=, 18, 105, 125-131, 206, 221, 260, 309, 314, 319, 324, 354, 362-363, 365-366, 382, 384, 435, 463, 474, 568, 570, 573, 631, 646, 647

=Geometry=, 28, 36, 394, 397, 558

_Georgics_ (Virgil), 21, 164, 166, 167

=Gercke=, 196 _n._, 207, 208, 218, 221 _n._

_Germania_ (Tacitus), 560, 563, 566, 573-576, 597

_Germaniae Bellorum XX Libri_ (lost), 352, 575, 584

=Germanicus=, 57, 66, 99, 100, 155-156, 200, 344, 583, 643

_Germanicus_ (Arnault), 598

=Giarratano=, 498 _n._

=Gibbon=, 2, 331, 420, 581, 641

=Gifford=, 600 _n._, 626

_Gil Blas_, 187

=Gladiators=, 101, 181, 205, 232, 610

=Gladisch=, 411 _n._

=Gnipho=, 28

=Goethe=, 529

=Golden Age= (of Latin Literature), 1, 2, 7, 19, 47, 81, 410, 420, 554, 658

_Golden Ass_ or _Metamorphoses_ (Apuleius), 189, 652

=Goldsmith=, 640

=Golz=, 414

_Gorboduc_, 271

=Gorgias= (on figures of speech), 62

=Gracchan age=, 84, 89

=Gracchi=, 90, 276, 348, 609, 626, 650

=Gracchus=, Gaius, 72

=Gracchus=, Tiberius, 72, 87

=Graecinus=, Julius, 114, 131, 161, 164

=Graecisms=: _see_ “Hellenisms”

=Graf=, 484 _n._

=Grammar=, 26-31, 36, 37, 131, 235, 298, 352, 393-394, 558, 593, 611, 636

=Grammarians=, 131, 235-236, 248, 421, 432, 528, 597, 629, 633, 634, 636, 653: _see also_ “_Grammaticus_”

_Grammaticis, De_ (Suetonius), 23, 563, 633, 636

_Grammaticus_, 25, 27-30, 39, 40, 198

=Grasberger=, 26 _n._

=Gratian=, 40

=Gray=, 493, 544, 545, 624

=Greece and Greeks=, varying Roman attitude to, 17, 27, 31, 36, 38; (Gallio in Achaea), 44; 45, 50, 58, 61, 116, 125, 138, 231-232, 250, 378-379, 382, 401, 429, 536, 552, 606, 613, 630, 651

=Greek=, 5, 14, 27, 37, 38, 50, 58, 61, 105, 124, 157, 178, 190, 191, 231, 235, 239, 277, 342, 343, 345, 363, 390, 393, 400, 401, 402, 403; (Quintilian’s contrast with Latin), 404; 407, 420, 541, 542, 555, 556, 595, 606, 610, 628, 629, 630-631, 633, 634, 643, 654-655, 656

=Greek culture=, 104, 125, 468, 552, 630, 654, 658

=Greek drama=, 6, 17, 29, 55, 155, 249; (re-handled by Seneca), 250-270; 284, 400, 402, 415, 480, 557

=Greek history=, 55, 68-69, 75, 84, 86, 89, 102-113, 424, 426, 626

=Greek influence=, 16, 17, 25, 55, 61, 62, 135, 154, 155, 160, 184-185, 209, 250, 254, 264, 289; (stigmatized by elder Pliny), 378-379; (in epigram), 511, 524; 536, 557, 626, 630-631; _see also_ “Hellenism,” “Rhetoric”

=Greek sources=, 16-17, 25, 55, 71, 116-117, 137-139, 160, 163, 164, 218, 250-263, 271; (Pliny’s), 355-364; 397, 407, 424, 435, 445-446, 513, 552, 586, 652

=Gregorovius=, 628 _n._

=Gregory Nazianzenus=, 420

=Gregory of Tours=, 136, 657 _n._

=Groag=, 338 _n._, 586 _n._

=Gromatics=, 424, 558

=Groot=, De, 113 _n._, 131 _n._, 411 _n._, 596 _n._, 642

=Gross=, 339 _n._

=Grotius=, 658

=Gruppe=, 358

=Guarino=, 412, 413

=Gudeman=, 559 _n._, 565, 567, 569

=Guicciardini=, 598

=Gundermann=, 425

H

=Hadrian=, 2, 5, 6, 7, 15, 16, 17, 39, 480, 555, 582, 605, 628-631, 632, 635, 642, 644, 645, 646, 647, 651, 655

_Hadrian, Life of_ (Spartianus), 631

=Hallam=, 317

_Hamlet_, 272

=Hammer=, 415 _n._

=Hannibal= (Silius’s hero), 454-463; (in Juvenal), 617

=Hanno=, 128, 363

=Hardie=, W. R., 269 _n._

=Hardy=, E. G., 535 _n._, 586 _n._

=Hardy=, Thomas (novelist), 188

=Hartman=, 133 _n._, 147 _n._, 242 _n._

=Haterius= (orator), 48, 50, 62

=Haupt=, 332, 335 _n._

=Havet=, 134 _n._, 135 _n._, 136, 147 _n._, 154 _n._, 642

=Hecaton= (Stoic), 218

_Hecuba_ (Euripides), 251

_Hecuba_ or _Troades_ (lost play by Scaeva Memor), 278

=Heinsius=, Daniel (Latin poems), 658

=Heinsius=, Niklaas (editor of Paterculus), 86 _n._

=Heitland=, 3 _n._, 297 _n._, 305, 322, 323 _n._, 328

=Held=, 530 _n._, 532 _n._

=Heliodorus= (romance-writer), 189

=Heliodorus= (source for Pliny), 364

=Hellenism=, 6, 7, 17, 25 _n._, 270, 610, 629-631: _see_ “Greek Influence”

=Hellenisms= or =Graecisms=, 231, 595, 652

_Heluiam, Ad_: _see_ “_Consolatio_”

=Helvia= (younger Seneca’s mother), 44, 45, 197, 210

=Helvidius Priscus=, 14, 235, 236, 386, 570

=Henderson=, 576 _n._, 628 _n._

=Hendrickson=, 569 _n._

=Hense=, 196 _n._, 213

=Heraclitus=, 617

_Hercules_ (lost play by Scaeva Memor), 278

_Hercules Furens_ (Seneca), 248, 250, 251, 268, 272

_Hercules Oetaeus_ (Seneca), 248, 250, 257-258, 274

=Heredia=, 434, 638

_Herennium, Ad_, 55, 407

=Herennius Senecio= (Stoic), 386, 421

=Hermogenes of Tarsus= (historian), 386

=Hero(n)das= (mime-writer), 555

=Herodes Atticus=, 37, 651, 655

=Herodotus=, 401, 435

_Heroides_, 33, 254, 258

=Herrick=, 516

=Hervieux=, 133 _n._, 135 _n._

=Hesiod=, 29, 84, 168

=Heydenreich=, 401 _n._

=Heynacher=, 452 _n._

=Heywood=, 271

=Hipparchus= (source for Pliny), 362

=Hippocrates=, 116, 385

_Hippolytus_ (Euripides), 254

_Hippolytus_ (variant title for Seneca’s _Phaedra_), 248

=Hipponax= (iambic satirist), 512

=Hirschfeld=, 245 _n._, 349 _n._

=Hirtius=, 635

=Hirzel=, 569 _n._, 571 _n._, 586 _n._

_Histoire Comique_, 188

_Historia Augusta_, 637, 655

=Historical criteria=, 72, 94-96, 106, 238, 353, 360-362, 585-587, 591-593, 634-636, 647

=Historical play= (_praetexta_), 17, 159, 273-276, 278, 282, 529

=Historical poetry=, 182, 192-193; (Lucan), 296-329; (Silius), 452-466; 556, 656

_Histories_ (elder Seneca, lost), 44, 646

_Histories_ (Tacitus), 353, 560, 562, 574, 576-581, 584, 585, 586, 588, 589, 597, 638

=History=, 6, 7, 18, 29, 31, 36, 56, 61, 63, 72, 82-113, 125, 137, 158, 179; (quizzed by Seneca), 237-238; (in Lucan’s epic), 296-329; 352-353; (Flavian), 385-386; 397, 400; (in Silius’s epic), 462; 547, 557; (Tacitus), 559-598; 611, 615; (Suetonius), 632-643; (Florus), 646-649; 654-656

_Hodoeporicon_ (lost), 282

=Hofacker=, 551 _n._

=Hoffmann=, 571 _n._

=Holland=, Philemon, 348 _n._, 368-369, 377, 641-642

=Homer=, 29, 61, 84, 178, 239; (in Latin), 341-345; 378, 394, 435, 446, 461, 463, 480, 481, 484, 488, 553, 618, 640

=Homeric burlesque=, 184

=Homeric imitation=, 438, 456, 458, 462, 463, 466 _n._, 471, 482

=Homeric question=, 137

=Homeric quotations=, 54, 239

=Homeric reciters=, 178

_Homerus Latinus_: _see_ “_Ilias Latina_”

=Horace=, 1, 5, 17, 21, 29, 30, 36, 137, 153, 182, 185, 190, 236, 241, 257, 276, 280, 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 294, 297, 323, 344, 400, 401, 408, 411, 457, 489, 512, 513, 542, 557, 595, 596, 601, 602, 606, 607, 621, 622, 626, 629, 637, 642, 643

_Horace, Life of_ (Suetonius), 633, 637

=Horatian influence=, 17, 21, 241, 287-288, 294, 295, 323, 489, 497, 513, 557, 595, 606, 621, 626, 642

=Hortensius=, 89

_Hortensius_ (Cicero), 566

=Hosius=, 102 _n._

_Hous of Fame_ (Chaucer), 484

=Houssaye=, De La, 590 _n._

=Howard=, Prof. Albert A., 631 _n._

=Humboldt, Von=, 366

=Humour=, 49-50, 57, 139-146, 173-183, 186, 188, 233-234, 237-245; (unconscious), 260-261; 398-399, 409; (in Martial), 505-510; 539, 547; (caustic), 575; (in Juvenal), 614, 618, 622-624; (in Suetonius), 640

=Huxley=, 365

=Hyginus=, 131, 164, 361, 363, 634

=Hyginus= (gromatic writer), 558